42 maktab negmatova barnoxon the_modal_verbs

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the preterite (past) forms given above (could, might, should and, would, corresponding to can, may, shall and will respectively) do not always simply modify the meaning of the modal to give it past time reference. the only one regularly used as an ordinary past tense is could, when referring to ability: i could swim may serve as a past form of i can swim. all the preterites are used as past equivalents for the corresponding present modals in indirect speech and similar clauses requiring the rules of sequence of tenses to be applied. for example, in 1960 it might have been said that people think that we will all be driving hovercars by the year 2000, whereas at a later date it might be reported that in 1960, people thought we would all be driving hovercars by the year 2000. this "future-in-the-past" usage of would can also occur in independent …

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(as can could – see above). it is sometimes said that might and could express a greater degree of doubt than may. for uses of might in conditional sentences, and as a past equivalent to may in such contexts as indirect speech, see past forms above. must the modal must expresses obligation or necessity: you must use this form; we must try to escape. it can also express a confident assumption (the epistemic rather than deontic use), such as in it must be here somewhere. an alternative to must is the expression have to (in the present tense sometimes have got to), which is often more idiomatic in informal english when referring to obligation. this also provides other forms in which must is defective (see replacements for defective forms above) and enables simple negation (see below). when used with the perfect infinitive (i.e. with have and the past participle), must …

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the preterite (past) forms given above (could, might, should and, would, corresponding to can, may, shall and will respectively) do not always simply modify the meaning of the modal to give it past time reference. the only one regularly used as an ordinary past tense is could, when referring to ability: i could swim may serve as a past form of i can swim. all the preterites are used as past equivalents for the corresponding present modals in indirect speech and similar clauses requiring the rules of sequence of tenses to be applied. for example, in 1960 it might have been said that people think that we will all be driving hovercars by the year 2000, whereas at a later …

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