international trade & finance

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introduction to international finance international trade & finance independent study * plan: international trade trade dilemma letter of credit, draft and countertrade working capital management cash, accounts receivable, inventory short-term financing managing the mne financial system * international trade most mnes are heavily involved in international trade (exporting and importing), so it is important to know how it works and the risks involved. * the nature of the relationship between the exporter and the importer is critical to understanding the methods for import-export financing utilized in industry. there are three categories of relationships (see next exhibit): unaffiliated unknown unaffiliated known affiliated (sometimes referred to as intra-firm trade) the composition of global trade has changed dramatically over the past few decades, moving from transactions between unaffiliated parties to affiliated transactions. trade relationships * trade relationships * trade dilemma * solving the trade dilemma * this system has been developed and modified …

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pecified amount of money at a specified time. the person or business initiating the draft is known as the maker, drawer or originator. normally this is the exporter who sells and ships the merchandise. the party to whom the draft is addressed is the drawee. draft * a trade transaction could conceivably be handled in many ways. the transaction that would best illustrate the interactions of the various documents would be an export financed under a documentary commercial letter of credit, requiring an order bill of lading, with the exporter collecting via a time draft accepted by the importer’s bank. the following exhibit illustrates such a transaction. typical trade transaction * * in order to finance international trade receivables, firms use the same financing instruments as they use for domestic trade receivables, plus a few specialized instruments that are only available for financing international trade. there are short-term financing instruments …

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management in a multinational enterprise requires managing current assets (cash balances, accounts receivable and inventory) and current liabilities (accounts payable and short-term debt) when faced with political, foreign exchange, tax and liquidity constraints. the overall goal is to reduce funds tied up in working capital while simultaneously providing sufficient funding and liquidity for the conduct of global business. working capital management should enhance return on assets and return on equity and should also improve efficiency ratios and other performance measures. working capital management * international cash management is the set of activities determining the levels of cash balances held throughout the mne (cash management) and the facilitation of its movement cross-border (settlements and processing). these activities are typically handled by the international treasury of the mne. cash balances, including marketable securities, are held partly to enable normal day-to-day cash disbursements and partly to protect against unanticipated variations from budgeted cash …

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vercome many of these problems and help to maximize global profits: unbundling funds transfer pricing reinvoicing centers internal loans the trade cycle the trade cycle exporter importer the transaction over time contract production land transport port of departure sea transport port of destination customs! land transport and delivery final payment 7 the trade cycle importer exporter the transaction over time contract production land transport port of departure sea transport port of destination customs! land transport and delivery final payment

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introduction to international finance international trade & finance independent study * plan: international trade trade dilemma letter of credit, draft and countertrade working capital management cash, accounts receivable, inventory short-term financing managing the mne financial system * international trade most mnes are heavily involved in international trade (exporting and importing), so it is important to know how it works and the risks involved. * the nature of the relationship between the exporter and the importer is critical to understanding the methods for import-export financing utilized in industry. there are three categories of relationships (see next exhibit): unaffiliated unknown unaffiliated known affiliated (sometimes referred to as intra-firm trade) the composition of globa...

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