the main features of abbreviations: then and now

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1 ministry of higher education, science and innovations of the republic of uzbekistan national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek english linguistics department speciality:5120100-philology and teaching languages (english) murodullayeva setora on the theme: “the main features of abbreviations: then and now” course paper scientific adviser: d.sh. israilova tashkent 2025 2 contents introduction……………………….……………………………………...3 chapter 1: types of abbreviations (then) 1.1. acronyms: formation and examples from earlier periods……………...…7 1.2. initialisms: examples of initialisms used in early periods……………….15 1.3. shortened words: words shortened for convenience or due to space limitations………………….…………………………………………..…19 1.4. symbols and notations: use in mathematics, scientific texts, and manuscripts………………………………………………………………23 chapter 2: modern features of abbreviations 2.1. contemporary acronyms and initialisms: examples from current technology, politics, and popular culture…………………….…………………27 2.2. sms and online communication: the rise of new abbreviations in texting, social media, and chat platforms……………………………………….…….…35 2.3. globalization and standardization: the international use of abbreviations in various industries and fields………………………………………….…………39 chapter …

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cientific notation. abbreviations can take several forms, such as:  initialisms: combinations of the initial letters of words (e.g., usa for united states of america).  acronyms: words formed from the initial letters or parts of a phrase that can be pronounced as a word (e.g., nasa from national aeronautics and space administration).  shortened words: incomplete versions of words that omit parts (e.g., "info" for information, "gov" for government).  symbols: graphical representations that stand for words or concepts (e.g., $ for dollar, % for percentage). importance of abbreviations in language: abbreviations play a crucial role in language and communication:  efficiency: they allow for quicker communication, particularly in writing or speech.  space-saving: abbreviations reduce the need for lengthy expressions, making them vital in environments where space is limited, such as in technical writing, advertising, and on road signs.  clarity: they help avoid repetition in technical or …

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ificance in different historical periods and modern contexts. the study will look at the practical applications of abbreviations in various fields, including communication, technology, science, and social media. the object of this study: the phenomenon of abbreviations within language, specifically how abbreviations have evolved, their structural characteristics, and their role in both historical and modern linguistic practices. this encompasses the broad spectrum of abbreviation types, their impact on language efficiency, and their cultural and technological influences. the actuality of this research: the actuality of this research lies in the increasing prevalence and diversity of abbreviations in modern communication. with the rise of digital technologies, the internet, and social media, abbreviations have proliferated in daily language, becoming central to both formal and informal discourse. additionally, understanding how abbreviations have evolved and their current usage can shed light on language efficiency, societal shifts, and communication trends in the digital age. this study …

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usage, and purpose.  to explore the role of abbreviations in contemporary communication, particularly in fields such as technology, business, and social media.  to analyze the impact of abbreviations on language efficiency, communication, and understanding.  to identify challenges and criticisms related to the overuse or misuse of abbreviations in both formal and informal language. the methods of investigation:  historical research: analyzing primary texts from different historical periods to study how abbreviations were used in the past.  comparative analysis: comparing the features and forms of abbreviations in earlier and modern languages to identify differences and trends.  content analysis: studying contemporary written and digital communication (e.g., social media, professional documents) to understand current abbreviation practices.  linguistic analysis: examining how abbreviations affect the structure, syntax, and semantics of language in various contexts.  survey or interviews (optional): gathering opinions from language users or experts on their views …

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nyms are a specific type of abbreviation formed by taking the initial letters (or sometimes syllables) of a series of words to create a new, often pronounceable term. while the widespread use of acronyms in modern communication, especially in digital and technological contexts, is well-known, their origins date back to earlier periods in history. the formation and usage of acronyms in earlier linguistic practices demonstrate their importance in language efficiency, especially in the context of formal, religious, and political texts. formation of acronyms: acronyms are formed by using the initial letters or syllables of a series of words to create a single word. the result is typically a term that is easy to pronounce and remember, making it a convenient linguistic tool. acronyms can follow different patterns based on the source words:1  initial letter acronyms: the most common type, formed by taking the first letter of each word. for …

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1 ministry of higher education, science and innovations of the republic of uzbekistan national university of uzbekistan named after mirzo ulugbek english linguistics department speciality:5120100-philology and teaching languages (english) murodullayeva setora on the theme: “the main features of abbreviations: then and now” course paper scientific adviser: d.sh. israilova tashkent 2025 2 contents introduction……………………….……………………………………...3 chapter 1: types of abbreviations (then) 1.1. acronyms: formation and examples from earlier periods……………...…7 1.2. initialisms: examples of initialisms used in early periods……………….15 1.3. shortened words: words shortened for convenience or due to space limitations………………….…………………………………………..…19 1.4. symbols and notations: use in mathematics, scientific texts, ...

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