abbreviations and acronyms in the uzbek and english languages

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o’zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta`lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti xorijiy tillar fakulteti ingliz tilshunosligi kafedrasi guruh talabasi ning “abbreviations and acronyms in the uzbek and english languages” mavzusidagi kurs ishi 5111400-xorijiy til va adabiyot (ingliz tili) ilmiy rahbar: buxoro-2023 content: 1. the concept of abbrevation and acronyms 3 2. types of acronyms in english 10 3.different structural types of english and uzbek abbrevations 16 4.uzbek acronyms and abbreviations 23 5.a study of the proportionality of international abbreviations in the uzbek language 26 conclusion 29 the list of the used literature: 30 1. the concept of abbrevation and acronyms an abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase. for example, the word abbreviation can itself be represented by the abbreviation abbr., abbrv. or abbrev. «in strict analysis, abbreviations …

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g. the only rule universally accepted is that one should be consistent, and to make this easier, publishers express their preferences in a style guide. questions which arise include those in the following subsections[footnoteref:2]. [2: abel coetzee, ed. (1969). woordeboek/dictionary; afrikaans-english / engels-afrikaans. glasgow and johannesburg: collins. ] lowercase letters. if the original word was capitalised, then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example lev. for leviticus. when abbreviating words that are originally spelled with lower case letters, there is no need for capitalisation. periods (full stops) and spaces a period (full stop) is sometimes written after an abbreviated word, but there are exceptions and a general lack of consensus about when this should happen. «in british english, according to hart's rules, the general rule is that abbreviations (in the narrow sense that includes only words with the ending, and not the middle, dropped) terminate …

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ing - pedestrian crossing. spaces are generally not used between single letter abbreviations of words in the same phrase, so one almost never encounters "u. s." when an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used: the capital of the united states is washington, d.c. «abbreviations are similar in nature to blends, because both blends and abbreviations are amalgamations of parts of different words. abbreviation has in common with truncation and blending that it involves loss of material (not addition of material, as with affixation), but differs from truncation and blending in that prosodic categories do not play a prominent role. rather, orthography is of central importance[footnoteref:4]. » [4: fischer, roswitha. (1998). lexical change in present-day english: a corpus-based study of the motivation, institutionalization, and productivity of creative neologisms. tübingen: g. narr. ] we will consider some following examples of formation of abbreviation. «abbreviations are …

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s where the abbreviation can trigger the regular pronunciation of the abbreviated words (a.s.a.p., e.g., etc.) and ignoring the use or non-use of dots, abbreviations can be grouped according to two orthographic and phonological properties. they can be either spelled in capital or in lower case letters, and they can be either pronounced by naming each individual letter[footnoteref:5].» [5: the choctaw expression 'okeh' and the americanism 'okay'". jim fay. 2007-09-13. retrieved 2008-05-12. ] plural forms.to form the plural of an abbreviation, a number, or a capital letter used as a noun, simply add a lowercase s to the end. · a group of mps · the roaring 20s · mind your ps and qs to indicate the plural of the abbreviation of a unit of measure, the same form is used as in the singular. · 1 lb or 20 lb. · 1 ft or 16 ft. · 1 min …

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ne ll. lines notes ms manuscript mss manuscripts notes op. opus opp. opera notes p. page pp. pages notes p. pope pp popes q. quarto qq. quartos literature s. (or §) section ss. (or §§) sections notes v. volume w. volumes notes conventions followed by publications and newspapers. many british publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation: · for the sake of convenience, many british publications, including the bbc and the guardian, have completely done away with the use of full stops or periods in all abbreviations. these include: · social titles, like ms or mr ; · two-letter abbreviations for countries ("us", not "u.s."); · words seldom abbreviated with lower case letters ("pr", instead of "p.r.", or "pr") · names ("fw de klerk", "gb whiteley", "park js"). a notable exception is the economist which writes "mr f. w. de klerk". · scientific units (see measurement below). acronyms are …

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o’zbekiston respublikasi oliy ta`lim, fan va innovatsiyalar vazirligi buxoro davlat universiteti xorijiy tillar fakulteti ingliz tilshunosligi kafedrasi guruh talabasi ning “abbreviations and acronyms in the uzbek and english languages” mavzusidagi kurs ishi 5111400-xorijiy til va adabiyot (ingliz tili) ilmiy rahbar: buxoro-2023 content: 1. the concept of abbrevation and acronyms 3 2. types of acronyms in english 10 3.different structural types of english and uzbek abbrevations 16 4.uzbek acronyms and abbreviations 23 5.a study of the proportionality of international abbreviations in the uzbek language 26 conclusion 29 the list of the used literature: 30 1. the concept of abbrevation and acronyms an abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. usually, but not always, it consists ...

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