biologik kimyo2 kurs

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powerpoint presentation biologik kimyo kafedrasi biologik kimyo 2 kurs ko׳rib chiqiladigan savollar dnk va irsiyat. dnk biosintezi (replikatsiya). replikatsiya – nasliy axborotni o׳tkazish usuli. rnk biosintezi (transkripsiya) – dnkdagi axborotni rnk sifatida shakllanishi. posttranskipsion o׳zgarishlar – rnk ning yetilishi. dna replication semiconservative by. kinds replication: the conservative the semiconservative the dispersive in eucariot cages replication begins at once in several (thousand) dna points (dnmp) n + dntp ® (dnmp) n+1 + pp for dna synthesis are necessary: dna-polimeraza dna-dependent desoxribonucleozid threefosfate dna a matrix magnesium ions dna-helikaza dna-giraza dna-connecting of the squirrel biosynthesis rna synthesis rna is carried out by a transcription. the way of transfer of the genetic information which has been written down in dna, in rna and through it to ribosomes is called as a transcription the transcribed site of dna is called transkripton. it contains from 300 to 108 nucleotidi. nuklein kislotlar nuklein kislotalar – tabbiy …

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5'-uchi 3'-uchi fosfodiefir bogg 3' → 5' dnk razmeri organizm dnk (p.n.) genlar soni sv40 (hayvon virusi) 5,0 ּ10³ 5 t4 (bakteriofag) 2,0 ּ105 200 e. soli (bakteriya) 4,6 ּ 106 4600 odam gaploid hujayrasi 2,8 ּ 109 30000 - 40000 odam genomini tarkibi 25000-30000 genlar (2004 y.), oksilni kodlaydi – bu xromosomani dnkasini 1,5-2 % tashkil kiladi genomni >70% kup kismi transkripsiyaga inert, egoistik dnk (selfish dna) deyiladi provirus dnk dnk-transpozonlar telomerlar – dnk uchi kismlarida joylashadi odam genomini tarkibi molekulyar genetikani markaziy postulati (f.krik) tirik tabiatda irsiy axborotni nasldan-naslga utishi. oqsil rnk dnk translatsiya transkripciya replikaciya genetik axborotni 3 boskichda uzatilishi replikatsiya – ona dnkasidan kiz dnkalari sintezlanishi, sintez nukleotidlarni komplementarlik asosida amalga oshadi. 2. transkripsiya – irsiy axborotni dnkadan m-rnk kuchirilishi. 3. translyatsiya –oksil biosintezi: irsiy axborot 4 xarfli kodlangan m-rnkdan, ribosomalarda 20-xarfli oksil strukturasiga utkazilishi. replikatsiya replikatsiya – bu dnk ikki kissa ortishi. komplementar zanjirni 2 …

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t molekulasida replikatsii – replikonlar bir vaktni uzida bir necha yuz nuktasida buladi. . bu esa vaktni tejaydi va dnkani despiralizatsiyasini oldini oladi. dnk-replikatsion tizim (replisoma) kompleks belkov-fermentov i belkov s drugimi funktsiyami (bolee 20): dnk-xelikaza i destabiliziruyushie belki raspletayut dnk, formiruyut replikativnuyu vilku. dnk-polimerazi vedut sintez v napravlenii 5' → 3' osnovnoy tsepi i korotkix fragmentov okazaki otstayushey tsepi. 3. dnk-praymaza kataliziruet korotkie molekuli rnk-zatravki (vposledstvii udalyayutsya). 4. dnk-ligaza soedinyaet fragmenti okazaki. 5. dnk-girazi zakruchivayut spiral dnk i vosstanavlivayut ee strukturu. replikatsiya protekaet s ogromnoy skorostyu: prokarioti – 3000 p.n. v sekundu !!! eukarioti - 100-300 p.n. v sekundu. dnk-replikaznaya sistema (replisoma) dnk-replikaznaya sistema (replisoma) dnk-replikaznaya sistema (replisoma) inson xromosomasi 150 mln. juft nukleotidlardan tashkil topgan, replikatsiya tezligi esa 50 nuklg’daq. bolgani uchun bunga 800 soat ketgan bolar edi. shuning uchun replikatsiya bir-necha saytlarda (oridjinlarda) boshlanadi, ular oraligi replikon deb ataladi. sintez ikki yonalishda ketganligi sababli ular toqnashadilar. dnk …

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mentardir. dnk ning yetilishi oz ichiga metillanish, telomerazalar ta’sirida uzayish va reparatsiyani oladi. telomeri telomeri – kontsevie uchastki dnk 3 – 20 tis. p.n. pri kajdom delenii kletok proisxodit ukorochenie telomernix uchastkov xromosom na 50 p.n. telomeraza i rak mutatsii mutatsiya - izmenenie posledovatelnosti dnk, geneticheskaya oshibka, kotoraya budet vosproizvoditsya vo vsex posleduyushix pokoleniyax kletok. chastota mutatsiy vozrastaet pod deystviem mutagenov: fizicheskie (uf-, ioniziruyushee izluchenie i dr.) ximicheskie (razlichnie tipi soedineniy) biologicheskie (virusi, mge, nekotorie fermenti) reparatsiya dnk povrejdeniya dnk svodyatsya k minimumu blagodarya nalichiyu v kletke osobix sistem reparatsii, kotorie uznayut eti povrejdeniya i ispravlyayut ix. sistemi reparatsii voznikli v protsesse evolyutsii dlya podderjaniya stabilnosti genomov. sistemi reparatsii v kletke – eto fermenti i fermentativnie reaktsii dlya vosstanovleniya pravilnoy strukturi dnk. reparatsiya dnk molekulasining shikastlanishi spontan (depurinizatsiya va dezaminlanish) va indutsirlangan (fizik va kimyoviy ta’sirotlar) boladi. depurinizatsiyani va ximyoviy mutatsiyalarni yoqotishda dnk insertaza, dezaminlanishni tiklashda – dnk-n-glikozidaza, ap-endonukleaza, dnk-polimeraza …

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nformatsii. transkriptsiya transkriptsiya – protsess perepisivaniya chasti geneticheskoy informatsii s dnk na m-rnk. eto biosintez tsepi m-rnk, nukleotidnaya posledovatelnost kotoroy komplementarna uchastku na odnoy iz tsepey dnk. m-rnk postupaet v ribosomi, slujit matritsey i napravlyaet sintez odnogo ili neskolkix belkov. dnkga yozilgan genetik axborotning rnkga kochirilishi va rnkdan ribosomalarga otkazish jarayoniga transkripsiya deb aytiladi dnkning transkripsiya qilinadigan bolagiga transkripton deb ataladi. unda 300dan 108 gacha nukleotidlar boladi. transkriptonda quyidagi qismlar tafovut etiladi: promotor akseptor qism struktur genlar terminator qism transkripsiya 3 bosqichda kechadi: initsiatsiya elongatsiya terminatsiya transkriptsiya u prokariot i eukariot transkriptsiya proxodit v 3 etapa: initsiatsiya –nachalo sinteza, prisoedinenie rnk-polimerazi k promotoru - uchastku dnk, ukazivayushemu na nachalo transkriptsii. elongatsiya – posledovatelnoe prisoedinenie svobodnix nukleotidov k matritse - dnk po printsipu komplementarnosti osnovaniy, t.e., rost tsepi m-rnk. terminatsiya – zavershenie biosinteza m-rnk v uchastke - terminatore, kotoriy ukazivaet na zavershenie transkriptsii. transkripsiya proxodit v 3 etapa: initsiatsiya –nachalo sinteza, …

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powerpoint presentation biologik kimyo kafedrasi biologik kimyo 2 kurs ko׳rib chiqiladigan savollar dnk va irsiyat. dnk biosintezi (replikatsiya). replikatsiya – nasliy axborotni o׳tkazish usuli. rnk biosintezi (transkripsiya) – dnkdagi axborotni rnk sifatida shakllanishi. posttranskipsion o׳zgarishlar – rnk ning yetilishi. dna replication semiconservative by. kinds replication: the conservative the semiconservative the dispersive in eucariot cages replication begins at once in several (thousand) dna points (dnmp) n + dntp ® (dnmp) n+1 + pp for dna synthesis are necessary: dna-polimeraza dna-dependent desoxribonucleozid threefosfate dna a matrix magnesium ions dna-helikaza dna-giraza dna-connecting of the squirrel biosynthesis rna synthesis rna is carried out by a transcription. the way of...

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