the vocabulary of a language as a system

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1419523726_59796.doc the vocabulary of a language as a system 1. the english vocabulary as an adaptive system. neologisms. 2. traditional lexicological grouping. lexico-grammatical groups. word-families. 3. the concept of polarity of meaning. antonyms. morphological classification of antonyms: absolute or root antonyms and derivational antonyms. semantic classification of antonyms: antonyms proper, complementaries, conversives. 4. the theory of the semantic field. common semantic denominator. 5. thematic or ideographic groups. common contextual associations, 6. hyponymy, paradigmatic relation of inclusion. hyponyms, hyperonyms, equonyms. working definitions of principal concepts being an adaptive system the vocabulary is constantly adjusting itself to the changing requirements and conditions of human communication and cultural and other needs. this process of self-regulation of the lexical system is a result of overcoming contradictions between the state of the system and the demands it has to meet. the speaker chooses from the existing stock of words such words that in his opinion …

l in its infancy, but it is already possible to give an interim estimate of its significance. the process may be observed by its results, that is by studying new words or neologisms. new notions constantly come into being, requiring new words to name them. new words and expressions or neologisms are created for new things irrespective of their scale of importance. they may be all important and concern some social relationships such as a new form of state (people's republic), or the thing may be quite insignificant and shortlived, like fashions in dancing, clothing, hairdo or footwear (rollneck). in every case either the old words are appropriately changed in meaning or new words are borrowed, or more often coined out of the existing language material either according to the patterns and ways already productive in the language at a given stage of its development or creating new ones. thus, …

and the second-those of the 70s. there is a considerable difference of opinion as to the type of system involved, although the majority of linguists nowadays agree that the vocabulary should be studied as a system. our present state of knowledge is however, insufficient to present the whole of the vocabulary as one articulated system, so we deal with it as if it were a set of interrelated systems. by a lexico-grammatical group we understand a class of words which have a common lexico-grammatical meaning, common paradigm, the same substituting elements and possible characteristic set of suffixes rendering the lexico-grammatical meaning. these groups are subsets of the parts of speech, several lexico-grammatical groups constitute one part of speech. thus english nouns are subdivided approximately into the following lexico-grammatical groups: personal names, animal names, collective names ( for people), collective names (for animals), abstract nouns, material nouns, object nouns, proper names …

the other e.g. not male means female. conversives are words which denote one and the same referent as viewed from different points of view, that of the subject and that of the object, e.g. buy-sell, give-receive. morphologically antonyms are subdivided into root (absolute) antonyms (good - bad) and derivational antonyms (apper - disapper). semantic field is a closely knit sector of vocabulary characterised by a common concept (e.g. in the semantic field of space we find nouns (expanse, extent, surface); verbs (extend, spread, span); adjectives (spacious, roomy, vast, broad)). the members of the semantic fields are not synonymous but all of them are joined together by some common semantic component. this semantic component common to all the members of the field is sometimes described as the common denominator of meaning, like the concept of kinship, concept of colour, parts of the human body and so on. the basis of grouping …

re. the hyponymic relationship is the relationship between the meaning of the general and the individual terms. a hyperonym is a generic term which serves as the name of the general as distinguished from the names of the species-hyponyms. in other words the more specific term is called the hyponym. for instance, animal is a generic term as compared to the specific names wolf, dog or mouse (these are called equonyms) dog, in its turn, may serve as a generic term for different breeds such as bull-dog, collie, poodle, etc. recommended literature: 1. харитончик з.а. лексикология английского языка. минск, 1992.- с, 89- 105. 2. arnold i.v. the english word.- m., 1986.- p. 196-197, 216-229. 3. ginsburg r.s. and others. a course in modern english lexicology.- m., 1979.- p.46, 57-63. 4. palmer f.r. semantics. a new outline.- m , 1982.- p.67-69. 5. rayevska n.n. english lexicology.- k., 1979.-p.200-203.

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1419523726_59796.doc the vocabulary of a language as a system 1. the english vocabulary as an adaptive system. neologisms. 2. traditional lexicological grouping. lexico-grammatical groups. word-families. 3. the concept of polarity of meaning. antonyms. morphological classification of antonyms: absolute or root antonyms and derivational antonyms. semantic classification of antonyms: antonyms proper, complementaries, conversives. 4. the theory of the semantic field. common semantic denominator. 5. thematic or ideographic groups. common contextual associations, 6. hyponymy, paradigmatic relation of inclusion. hyponyms, hyperonyms, equonyms. working definitions of principal concepts being an adaptive system the vocabulary is constantly adjusting itself to the changing requirements and conditio...

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