english vocabulary as a system

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1411364597_59200.doc english vocabulary as a system 1. definition of the term "synonyms"'. a synonymic group and its dominant member. 2. problem of classification of synonyms: a) different principles of classification: according to difference in denotational component of meaning or in connotational component (ideographic or stylistic synonyms); b) according to the criterion of interchangeability in linguistic context (relative, total and contextual synonyms). 3. characteristic pattern of english synonyms. 4. the sources of synonymy. 5. homonyms. classification. origin of homonyms. working definitions of principal concepts synonymy is the coincidence in the essential meaning of words which usually preserve their differences in connotations and stylistic characteristics. synonyms are two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some contexts. these words are distinguished by different shades of meaning, connotations and stylistic features. the synonymic dominant is the most …

t enters as the result of a very wide polysemy: 1) piece, parcel, section, segment, fragment, etc; 2) member, organ, constituent, element, component, etc; 3) share, portion, lot; 4) concern, interest, participation; 5) allotment, lot, dividend, apportionment; 6) business, charge, duty, office, function, work; 7) side, party, interest, concern, faction; 8) character, role, cue, lines; 9) portion, passage, clause, paragraph. the semantic structures of two polysemantic words sometimes coincide in more than one meaning, but never completely. l. bloomfield and e. nida suppose even that there are no actual synonyms, i.e. forms which have identical meanings. in a great number of cases the semantic difference between two or more synonyms is supported by the difference in valency. an example of this is offered by the verbs win and gain both may be used in combination with the noun victory: to win a victory, to gain a victory. but with the …

the use of english, london 1962, p. 129) peace and tranquillity are ordinarily listed as synonyms, but they are far from being identical in meaning. one may speak of a peace conference, but not tranquillity conference. (e.nida, the descriptive analysis of words). classification of synonyms according to whether the difference is in denotational or connotational component synonyms are classified into ideographic and stylistic. ideographic synonyms denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. they are nearly identical in one or more denotational meanings and interchangeable at least in some contexts, e.g. beautiful - fine - handsome -pretty beautiful conveys, for instance, the strongest meaning; it marks the possession of that quality in its fullest extent, while the other terms denote the possession of it in part only. fineness, handsomeness and prettiness are to beauty as parts to a whole. in the synonymic group choose, select, opt, …

evation of meaning there is the reverse process of degradation: to begin - to fire away, to eat - to devour, to steal - to pinch, face - muzzle. according to the criterion of interchangeability in context synonyms are classified into total, relative and contextual. total synonyms are those members of a synonymic group which can replace each other in any given context, without the slightest alteration in denotative meaning or emotional meaning and connotations. they are very rare. examples can be found mostly in special literature among technical terms and others, e.g. fatherland - motherland, suslik - gopher, noun - substantive, functional affix -flection, inflection, scarlet fever - scarlatina relative synonyms some authors class groups like ask - beg - implore, or like - love - adore, gift -talent - genius, famous - celebrated- eminent as relative synonyms, as they denote different degree of the same notion or different …

ete to ascend instruction abdomen there are also words that came from dialects, in the last hundred years, from american english, in particular, e.g. long distance call ae - trunk call be, radio ae - wireless be. synonyms are also created by means of all word - forming processes productive in the language. synonymic differentiation it must be noted that synonyms may influence each other semantically in two diametrically opposite ways: one of them is dissimilation or differentiation, the other - the reverse process, i.e. assimilation. many words now marked in the dictionaries as "archaic" or "obsolete" have dropped out of the language in the competition of synonyms, others survived with a meaning more or less different from the original one. this process is called synonymic differentiation and is so current that is regarded as an inherent law of language development. the development of the synonymic group land has been …

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1411364597_59200.doc english vocabulary as a system 1. definition of the term "synonyms"'. a synonymic group and its dominant member. 2. problem of classification of synonyms: a) different principles of classification: according to difference in denotational component of meaning or in connotational component (ideographic or stylistic synonyms); b) according to the criterion of interchangeability in linguistic context (relative, total and contextual synonyms). 3. characteristic pattern of english synonyms. 4. the sources of synonymy. 5. homonyms. classification. origin of homonyms. working definitions of principal concepts synonymy is the coincidence in the essential meaning of words which usually preserve their differences in connotations and stylistic characteristics. synonyms are two or ...

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