elements making up the english vocabulary

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lecture 5. elements making up the english vocabulary. latin and greek borrowings discussion points: 1. introductory notes 2. the foreign element in the english vocabulary 3. the celtic element in the english vocabulary key words: foreign element, word-stock, borrowing, native stock, loan-words, ordinary english, commonly used, semantic groups. the foundation and the framework of the english vocabulary is the native element brought to britain in the fifth century by the german tribes who eventually overran the britons. despite the borrowings already made before the anglo-saxons settled in britain and despite the large scale borrowings of the later periods native words are still at the core of the language. they stand for the fundamental things dealing with everyday objects and things. the native stock includes auxiliary and modal verbs , most verbs of the strong conjugations , pronouns, most numerals, prepositions and conjunctions. the frequency value of these elements in the …
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eek- pater, lat. pater; brother( o.e. bropor); german- bruder, russian- брат, lat.- frater; mother ( o.e. modor); german- mutter, russian- мать, lat.- mater, greek – daughter (o.e. dohtor); german - tochter, russian -дочь; greek - thygater; son (o.e. sunu); german - sohn, russian - сын; sanskrit - sunu from su. common indo-european elements sometimes show considerable differentiation. such are some names for everyday objects and things, and natural phenomena: fire (о. е. fyr); german feuer; greek pyr. moon (o.e. mono); german - mond; greek - mene; night (о. е. niht); german - nacht; russian - ночь; latin - nox; sanskrit -nakt; tree (o. e. treo, treow); russian -дерево ; greek - drus-oak; sanskrit dm forest. water (o.e. woeter); german - wasser; russian - вода; greek - hydoe; latin-unda. in the indo-european stock we also find such english words as: bull, crew, cat, fish, hare, hound, goose, mouse, wolf. here belong …
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han 60% of the english vocabulary are borrowings and about 40% are words native in origin. this is due to specific conditions of the development of english. the vocabulary of any language is particulary responsive to every change in the life of the speaking community, to direct linguistic contacts, political, economic and cultural relationships between nations. 2. the foreign element in the english vocabulary the english vocabulary falls into elements of different etymology. a study of loan-words is not only of etymological interest. words give us valuable information as to the life of the nations concerned. the linguistic evidence drawn from such observation is a very important supplement to our knowledge. loan- words have justly been called the milestones of philology. the process of borrowing from other languages is due to the more or less direct contact of one nation with another. this is to be regarded as a general …
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seems much smaller by comparison. loan-words have come, through travel, commerce, literature and in many other waysj accurate studies of certain parts of the loan element in english have not yet been made. to discuss this subject with even an approach to com pleteness would fill a whole volume. by tracing the origin of loan-words and analysing the ways by which they penetrated into the english language we can throw some light on the relations between england and other countries. even the barest enumeration of the successive periods of borrowings will remind us of the history of the english people. the influence of a foreign language may be exerted in two ways, through the spoken word, by personal contact between the two peoples, or through the written word, by indirect contact not between the peoples themselves but through their literatures. the former way was more productive in the earlier stages, …
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uliarities and grammatical characteristics and seem not to have broken their ties with the parent language completely. take such french borrowings as: ballet, bouquet, carte blanche, chauffeur, coquette, coup d'etat, debris, finesse, phenomenon-phenomena, ragout, resume, regime, role, trait, table d'hote, vis-a-vis, etc. certain foreign words are not felt to be aliens. they are completely or partially assimilated with already existing native words and sometimes become indistinguishable from the native element. perfectly naturalized in usage they have been accommodated to the english language by the substitution of english sounds for the unusual foreign ones. such are, for instance, many scandinavian borrowings: call, die, husband, fellow, kill, law, loose, low, meel, skirt, skin, sky, etc. naturalization of french borrowings is well known. a few examples will suffice for illustration: river—(fr. riviere) mountain — (fr. montaigne, lat. mons, mentis) flower — (fr. fleur) chain — (fr. chaine) a foreign word may be combined …

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О "elements making up the english vocabulary"

lecture 5. elements making up the english vocabulary. latin and greek borrowings discussion points: 1. introductory notes 2. the foreign element in the english vocabulary 3. the celtic element in the english vocabulary key words: foreign element, word-stock, borrowing, native stock, loan-words, ordinary english, commonly used, semantic groups. the foundation and the framework of the english vocabulary is the native element brought to britain in the fifth century by the german tribes who eventually overran the britons. despite the borrowings already made before the anglo-saxons settled in britain and despite the large scale borrowings of the later periods native words are still at the core of the language. they stand for the fundamental things dealing with everyday objects and things. …

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