old english vocabulary

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old english vocabulary old english vocabulary word stock of old english vocabulary. ways of developing the vocabulary. suffixes, prefixes. word- composition. loan words. the full extent of the oe vocabulary is not known to present-day scholars. there is no doubt that many words have not been recorded in the extant texts at all. the evidence of the records has been supplemented from other sources: from the study of the words of closely related og languages and from later, more extensive me texts. modern estimates of the total vocabulary of oe range from about thirty thousand words to almost one hundred thousand, — the latter figure being probably too high and unrealistic. even the lowest estimates show that oe had already developed about as many words as used by a present-day cultured english speaker. despite the gaps in the accessible data, philological studies in the last centuries have given us a …

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-european terms for heavenly bodies; 10. geographical environment and climate; 11. kinship terms; 12. economic activity, material culture, crafts, transportation; 13. social organization, each thematic group comprises number of words: e.g. kinship terms – mother, father, sister, brother, etc; animals of the middle world - wolf, bear, leopard and panther, lion, wild boar, deer, antelope, wild bull, etc; animals of the lower world – serpent, snake, worm, mouse, turtle, etc; animals of the upper world – bird and eagle, swan, goose, crane, woodpecker, etc; animals ritually close to man – horse, donkey, bull, cow, cattle, sheep, lamb, goat, and so on. this layer also includes personal and demonstrative pronouns and most numerals. mother sanskrit mātàr; old persian mātar; old irish màthir; ohg muoter; oe mōdor; latvian mãte; prussian mūti, mothe; old slavic mati. father sanskrit pitàr; avestan pitar; greek patēr; latin pater; old irish athir; gt fadar; oe fæder; ohg …

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$ome of the words did not occur in all the germanic languages, some words are attested only in west and north germanic languages, some in north and east germanic languages. let’s look at some examples: oe biddan (to ask, implore); ohg bitten; on biðja; gt bidjan. oe ze-byrd (birth); ohg geburt; on byrð, byrðr; gt gabaurþs. oe cicen (chicken); low german küken (küchlein); on kiuklingr. oe fyllan (to fill); ohg füllen; on fylla; gt fulljan. oe findan (to find); ohg finten; on finna; gt finþan. oe flǽsk (flesh); ohg flisch; on flesk (pork). the third etymological layer of native words can be defined as specifically old english, these are words which do not occur in other germanic or non-germanic languages. these words are few, e.g.: oe clipian ’call’, oe brid_{ne bird) and several others. however, they are far more numerous if we include in this layer oe compounds and derived …$

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of celtic tribes. the name of york and perhaps london come from celtic sources. various celtic designations of ‘river’ and ‘water’ were understood by the germanic invaders as proper names: ouse, avon, evan go back to celtic amhuin ‘river’, uisge ‘water’; thames, stour, dover also come from celtic. many place-names are hybrids; the celtic component is combined with a latin or germanic component: celtic plus latin celtic plus germanic man-chester york-shire win-chester devon-shire lan-caster canter-bury latin influence on the old english vocabulary the role of the latin language in old britain was determined by such historical events as the roman occupation of britain, the influence of the roman civilization and the introduction of christianity. the latin language influenced different aspects of english: the oe alphabet and literature. latin words entered the english language at different stages of oe history. chronologically they can be divided into several layers. the earliest layer …

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ber of latin loan-words in oe exceeds five hundred. the latin impact on the oe vocabulary was not restricted to borrowing of words. there were also other aspects of influence. the most important of them is the appearance of the so-called ‘translation- loans’ – literal translations of latin words, for example – names of the days of the week: oe mōnan-dæ ( (monday) ‘day of the moon’, l lunae dies; tiwes-dæ ( (tuesday) ‘day of tiw’ l martis dies (tiw – a teutonic god corresponding to roman mars). the procedure was to substitute the name of the corresponding germanic god for the god of the romans. word-formation in old english word structure according to their morphological structure, oe words fell into three main types: a) simple words (‘root-words’) or words with a simple stem, without derivational affixes, e.g. land, sin an, ōd (ne land, sing, good). b) derived words consisting …

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old english vocabulary old english vocabulary word stock of old english vocabulary. ways of developing the vocabulary. suffixes, prefixes. word- composition. loan words. the full extent of the oe vocabulary is not known to present-day scholars. there is no doubt that many words have not been recorded in the extant texts at all. the evidence of the records has been supplemented from other sources: from the study of the words of closely related og languages and from later, more extensive me texts. modern estimates of the total vocabulary of oe range from about thirty thousand words to almost one hundred thousand, — the latter figure being probably too high and unrealistic. even the lowest estimates show that oe had already …

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