o'zbek tilidagi "ma'noni o'zgartirish va uning natijalari"

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change of meaning and its results change of meaning and its results plan of the lecture: 1. historical changeability of the word meaning 2. causes of semantic change 3. nature of semantic change 4. metaphor and metonymy as basic mechanisms of meaning change 5. the notion of semantic derivation 6. lexical context and its role in semantic change the word-meaning is a changeable phenomenon. the changes of wordmeaning are due to many intralinguistic and extralinguistic causes. the problems of word-meaning are always in the focus of attention of all semanticists of the world, and the causes, ways and results of semantic change are mostintricate and essential. when discussing the change of meaning, it is necessary to differentiate between 3 notions: causes of semantic change; nature of semantic change; 3) results of semantic change. the causes of semantic changes may be grouped under two main headings, linguistic and extralinguistic ones. linguistic …

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ng meanings may be rearranged in the semantic structure. when speaking about semantic change, we must distinguish between: the causes of semantic change, i.e. the factors bringing it about; we try to find out why the word has changed its meaning; the nature of semantic change; we describe the process of the change and try to answer the question how it has been brought about; the results of semantic change; we try to state what has been changed. these are three different but closely connected aspects of the same problem the causes, or factors, that bring about semantic changes are classified into linguistic and extralinguistic. by extralinguistic causes we mean various changes in the life of a speech community; changes in social life, culture, science, technology, economy, etc. as reflected in word meanings, +e.g. mill originally was borrowed from latin in the 1st c. b.c. in the meaning "a building …

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fer from lack of food’ and even in colloquial use ‘to feel hungry’. 2) discrimination of synonyms, e.g. in oe land had two meanings: "1. solid part of earth's surface; 2. the territory of a nation". in me the word country was borrowed as a synonym to land. then the second meaning of land came to be expressed by country and the semantic structure of land changed. 3) linguistic analogy. if one member of a synonymic set takes on a new meaning, other members of the same set may acquire this meaning, too, e.g. to catch acquired the meaning "understand"; its synonyms to get, to qrasp also acquired the same meaning. a necessary condition of anу semantic change is some connection or association between the old, existing meaning and the new one. there are two main types of association: similarity of meaning or metaphor, contiguity of meaning or metonymy, i.e. …

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ty, changes in economical and social structures of the community, in cultural and ideological life. e. g.: rus: спутник - 1) попутчик; 2) супруг; 3) ракета; eng: carrus, l - a four-wheeled carriage > car. linguistic causes are connected with: 1) ellipsis (contamination of meanings: starve < starved of hunger, me); 2) discrimination of synonyms: land - 1. solid part of earth’s surface/ a. e. 2. the territory of a nation / country - the territory of a nation; 3) linguistic analogy, when one member of a synonymic group acquires a new meaning which is afterwards transferred to other members of the set: synonyms of ‘to understand’ - to grasp, to get, to catch, etc. the nature of semantic change is connected with the relations between the old and the new meanings. there are two kinds of associations involved in semantic changes: a) similarity of meanings (metaphor); b) contiguity of …

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viour and manners, etc.: 1. hand (pointer) of a clock / leg (support) of a table; 2. warm (pleasant) feelings; 3. to jump at (eagerly accept) the chance. metaphors can be trite and genuine. trite metaphors are unnoticeable in everyday speech. genuine metaphors are the creation of the inspiration of the writers, poets and speakers metonymy is a semantic process of associating two referents which are somehow connected or linked in time or space. they may be connected because they often appear in the same situation,e.g. bench has developed the meaning "judges" because it was on benches that judges used to sit, or the association may be of material and an object made of it, etc., e.g. silver – 1) certain .precious metal; 2) silver coins; 3) cutlery; 4) silver medal, or they may be associated because one makes part of the other, e.g. factory/farm hands "workers" (because strong, skillful …

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change of meaning and its results change of meaning and its results plan of the lecture: 1. historical changeability of the word meaning 2. causes of semantic change 3. nature of semantic change 4. metaphor and metonymy as basic mechanisms of meaning change 5. the notion of semantic derivation 6. lexical context and its role in semantic change the word-meaning is a changeable phenomenon. the changes of wordmeaning are due to many intralinguistic and extralinguistic causes. the problems of word-meaning are always in the focus of attention of all semanticists of the world, and the causes, ways and results of semantic change are mostintricate and essential. when discussing the change of meaning, it is necessary to differentiate between 3 notions: …

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