lectures5oldenglishwrittenrecordsandphonetics

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lectures 4 grammatical categories of nouns. morphological structure of words. lectures 5 old english written records and phonetics. problems for discussion. old english dialects and written records. old english alphabet and pronunciation. old english vowel system. old english consonant system. in oe two alphabets were used: the runic and the latin . a few runic documents have come down to us. we shall mention the two most widely known ones. one is the ruthwell cross, a religious poem engraved on a tall stone cross near the village of ruthwell in south-east scotland. the other is the runic casket, made of whalebone, and found in france near the town clermont-ferrand, now in the british museum in london. the runic text is a short poem about whalebone. both these texts are probably of the 9 th century. after the anglo-saxons came into contact with roman culture the runic alphabet was superseded by …

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озные песни, исполняемые хором, гимни, грамота). the superiority of the west - saxon dialect both in quantity and importance of the documents using it confirms its dominating position as the literary language of the period. the epic poems of the oe period: beowulf, genesis, exodus, judith, and poems by the monk gynewulf: eleng andreas, juliana and other were written in anglian dialect but have been kept in west-saxon dialect. our knowledge of the english language comes mainly from manuscripts written in latin charachters. like elsewhere in western europe latin in england was the language of the chruch and also the language of writing and edication. the monks were practically the only literate people; they read and wrote latin and therefore began to use latin letters to write down english words. all over the country in the kingdoms of england, all kinds of legal documents were written and copied. at first …

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- is written in the latin script. the use of latin letters in english differed in some points from their use in latin, for the scribes made certain modification and additions in order to indicate oe sounds. like any alphabetic writing, oe writing was based on a phonetic principle: every letter indicated a separate sound. some of oe letters indicated two or more sounds, according to their positional variants in the word. old english alphabet. a, æ, b, c [k] or [k’], d, e, f [f] or [v], 3 [g], [g’], [ ]or [j] h [x] [x’] or [h], i, l, m, n, [n], [ ], o, p, r, s [s] or [z] t, þ, [ð], or [θ] u, w, x,y [y] (ü). the letters could indicate short or long sounds. the lenght of vowels is shown by a macron: bat [ba:t] ne boat. the letters f, s and þ, …

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lan. [ ‘o:ðrum θri:m ‘da um je’si lan] other three days sail old english vowel system consisted of seven short and long simple phonemes and (long and short dipthongs). short vowels i, e, u, o, a, æ, y. long i, e, u, o, a, æ, y. short dipthongs ea, eo, io, ie, ea, eo, io, ie. in 6th century labialized phonemes y,y arose. sound changes, particularly vowel changes, took place in english at every period of history. the important changes in vowels are: 1. breaking (преломление) and dipthongization. 2. palatal mutation or i-umlaat (передиеязычная перегласовка). 3. lengthenin of vowels. (удлинение гласных). oe breaking is dipthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters. (l, r, h + consonants). it is the vowels æ (a), e that underge breaking. æ(a) > ea r + consonant * ærm > earm’ arm’ l + consonant * æld > eald ’old’ h + consonant * …

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aising the front of the tongue. when the speaker begins to articulate the u, he at the same time anticipates the articulation needed for i, and raises the front of the tongue instead of its back. the lip - rounding, meanwhile, is preserved. the result is the vowel y. examples: in the 9th century vowels were lengthened before the clusters nd, ed, mb, bindan > bindan ‘bind’ bunden > bunden ‘bound; cild > cild ‘child,’ climban > climban ‘climb’. it, however, the cluster was followed by another consonant, lengthening did not take place, as in cildru ‘children’. vowels were lengthened when consonants m, n, before f, s, þ, h, 3 before d, n, drapped off. * fimf > fif ‘five’ * ims > us ‘us’ * ponhte > pohte ‘thought’ * sæ3de > sæ3de ‘said’. old english consonant system kept up labials as p, b, m, f, v: forelinguals (dental): …

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lectures 4 grammatical categories of nouns. morphological structure of words. lectures 5 old english written records and phonetics. problems for discussion. old english dialects and written records. old english alphabet and pronunciation. old english vowel system. old english consonant system. in oe two alphabets were used: the runic and the latin . a few runic documents have come down to us. we shall mention the two most widely known ones. one is the ruthwell cross, a religious poem engraved on a tall stone cross near the village of ruthwell in south-east scotland. the other is the runic casket, made of whalebone, and found in france near the town clermont-ferrand, now in the british museum in london. the runic text is …

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