middle english grammar

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презентация powerpoint middle english grammar. noun history. the development articles adjective and adverb history verb history. changes in syntax. old english complex classification of nouns was based on differences in declension, in endings that were added to them in various forms; as the endings were levelled, the grounds for distinguishing the very classes become insignificant . the category of gender was lost; and the loss was total, with no remnants in any of the nominal parts of speech (personal pronouns are not counted, because he and she replace living beings, and to some extent have the very meaning of gender) the category of number was preserved; it had grounds. what were the possible endings of all the classes of nouns? if we have a look into the old english nominal paradigms, we'll see that the plural ending originally were: •as ( of the a-stems masculine, r-stems masculine) 0 (o-stems neuter, …

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ist, that oxen, asses, hors. and hounfcs...t you see that oxen,asses, horses and hounds...); from hise eyejnjzn the water doun... (from his eyes the water ran down); to looken up with even lighte (to look up with light eyes) the nouns naming some domestic animals (former -a- stems neuter gender with long root vowel) such as sheep, swyn, hors retained their old uninflected plurals. the plural of child developed in a unique way - it retained its suffix of the former -s- stems (it was -r- through rhotacism) and additionally got the -en suffix - children. several nouns (former belonging to root stems) however retain their old english plural with the mutated vowel (such as man - menn,foot -feet,goos - geese etc.;) - these were more frequently used than those that changed their ending to -es (book - bookes. ook (oak) - ookes). some former -n-stems still retain their suffix …

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n-stems) the ending -es of the a-stems nouns, which were the most numerous group, becomes predominant; it irradiates not only to the singular but also to the plural. so all the other groups of nouns now take this ending in the genitive. the very nature of the genitive case is almost unchanged, it has the same functions as that of the old english noun, and practically all nouns can be used in this form. the plural of nouns was formed by adding the same ending, so in the long run it began to be perceived as the ending rendering both meanings. several nouns that had other plural endings took this ending after their own ending of the plural. so, in middle english only some nouns have a distinct paradigm of four forms: man - menn mannes - mennes noma - namen names - (namene) name in other cases the context …

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definiteness of the noun, that is suchas was already known or was mentioned before, was supplemented by tha weakened form of the numeral an (one) and now was used to render this meaning of indefiniteness, a person or thing unknown or unmentioned. this part of speech contains only two words - the from reduced and an, from the numeral an. the paradigm of the adjective in middle english is simplified drastically. the endings become scarce. the category of gender is lost, for the nouns no longer have it. the adjective no longer agrees with the noun in case, the only remaining endings being - the plural form having the ending -e and the remains of the weak declension, the weak form (the one preceded by an article) -e young kniht /the younge kniht younge knihtes/the younge knihtes the younge girles of the diocise (weak, plural) (the young girls of the …

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geable; in the plural the strong and the weak forms also coincided. the forms of the suffixes of the degrees of comparison were reduced lo -er, -est, glad - gladder - gladdest greet - gretter - grettest his voys was murier {his voice was merrier...) hise nayles whiter than the lylye flour (his nails were whiter than the flower of a lily) lucifer, brightest of aungels alle (lucifer, the brightest of all angels) some adjectives retained a mutated vowel they had had in old english: old - elder - eldest long - lenger - lengest strong - stregner -strengest the eldeste lady of hem alle spak (the lady, the oldest of them all, spoke). some preserve former suppletivity, and their degrees of comparison look like this: good - bettre - best evil (bad) - werse ~ werst muchel - more - most, mest litel - lasse - lest she may …

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презентация powerpoint middle english grammar. noun history. the development articles adjective and adverb history verb history. changes in syntax. old english complex classification of nouns was based on differences in declension, in endings that were added to them in various forms; as the endings were levelled, the grounds for distinguishing the very classes become insignificant . the category of gender was lost; and the loss was total, with no remnants in any of the nominal parts of speech (personal pronouns are not counted, because he and she replace living beings, and to some extent have the very meaning of gender) the category of number was preserved; it had grounds. what were the possible endings of all the classes of nouns? …

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