international economics

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тема 1 * «international economics» lecture 3. modern trade theories: sources of comparative advantage by professor, doctor of economic sciences (des), extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador (epa) islamov bakhtiyor anvarovich * * l.3. modern trade theories: sources of comparative advantage contents 3.1. the heckscher-ohlin theory (factor endowments as a source of comparative advantage) factor-price equalization trade and the distribution of income u.s.-china trade does trade make the poor even poorer? explaining wage inequality evidence on wage inequality are actual trade patterns explained by the factor-endowment theory? the leontief’s paradox. * l.3. modern trade theories: sources of comparative advantage. 3.2. modern trade theories increasing returns to scale and specialization (p. krugman) overlapping demands as a basis for trade (staffan linder) intra-industry trade the product cycle: a technologically based theory of trade (raymond vernon) dynamic comparative advantage: industrial policy competitive advantage theory (m. porter) 3.3. comparative advantage and: - government regulatory policies - …

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scher-ohlin theory) in the 1920s and 1930s, the swedish economists eli heckscher and bertil ohlin *formulated a theory addressing two questions left largely unexplained by ricardo: (1) what determines comparative advantage? (2) what effect does international trade have on the distribution of income in trading nations? heckscher and ohlin highlights the role of nations' resource endowments as the key determinant of comparative advantage. *eli heckscher "the effects of foreign trade on the distribution of income: economisk tidskrift 21 (1919), pp. 497-512. bertil ohlin's interregional and international trade (cambridge, ma: harvard university press, 1933). * heckscher and ohlin* highlights the role of nations' resource endowments as the key determinant of comparative advantage. the theory implies that brazil exports coffee because it has an abundance of the soil and climatic conditions required for coffee's production; the united states and canada export wheat because they are endowed with an abundance of temperate-zone land, …

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ty that trade is based solely on differences in supplies of labor and capital. * 3.1. factor endowments as a source of comparative advantage (heckscher-ohlin theory). for example, hypothetical resource endowments in the united states and china. the u.s.capital/labor ratio equals 0.5 (100 machines/200 workers = 0.5). in china, the capital/labor ratio is 0.02 (20 machines/1,000 workers=0.02). since the u.s.capital/labor ratio exceeds china's capital/labor ratio, we call the united states the capital-abundant country and china the capital-scarce country. on the other side, china is called the labor-abundant country and the united states the labor-scarce country. this means that before the two countries trade, capital would be less expensive in the united states and labor would be less expensive in china. * 3.1. factor endowments as a source of comparative advantage (heckscher-ohlin theory). simply put, the heckscher-ohlin theory makes the following assertion: given identical demand conditions and input productivities, differences in …

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resource is used. by redirecting demand away from the scarce factor and toward the abundant factor in each nation, trade leads toward factor-price equalization. in each nation, the cheap factor becomes more expensive, and the expensive factor becomes cheaper. * 3.1. factor endowments (heckscher-ohlin theory) and the leontief paradox. the immediate basis for trade stems from relative commodity price differences among nations. contrary to the predictions of the heckscher-ohlin model, the empirical tests of wassily leontief in 1954 and 1956 with data for 1947 and 1951 demonstrated that for the united states exports are labor-intensive and import-competing goods are capital-intensive. his findings became known as the leontief paradox. because relative prices are determined by supply and demand conditions, not only resource endowments, but technology and national income are important determinants of the basis for trade. * 3.1. factor endowments (heckscher-ohlin theory) the two most popular theories of trade- the ricardian …

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и наделена факторами производства страна 1 – трудонасыщенная страна 2 - капиталонасыщенная трудовая теория стоимости не отвергается, а дополняется мыслью о том, что в создании стоимости принимают участие помимо труда также и другие факторы производства. * показатели обеспеченности стран факторами производства наиболее важными допущениями теории соотношения факторов производства являются различная фактороинтенсивность отдельных товаров (один товар — трудоемкий, второй — капиталоемкий) и различная факторонасыщенность отдельных стран (в одной стране капитала относительно больше, в другой — относительно меньше). фактороинтенсивность — показатель, определяющий относительные затраты факторов производства на создание определенного товара. товар 2 является относительно более капиталоемким, чем товар 1, если соотношение затрат труда и капитала на производство товара 2 больше, чем соотношение этих же затрат на производство товара 1: * сущность теории хекшера-олина теорема хекшера олина – каждая страна экспортирует те фактороинтенсивные товары, для производства которых она обладает относительно избыточными факторами производства, и импортирует те товары, для производства которых она испытывает относительный …

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О "international economics"

тема 1 * «international economics» lecture 3. modern trade theories: sources of comparative advantage by professor, doctor of economic sciences (des), extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador (epa) islamov bakhtiyor anvarovich * * l.3. modern trade theories: sources of comparative advantage contents 3.1. the heckscher-ohlin theory (factor endowments as a source of comparative advantage) factor-price equalization trade and the distribution of income u.s.-china trade does trade make the poor even poorer? explaining wage inequality evidence on wage inequality are actual trade patterns explained by the factor-endowment theory? the leontief’s paradox. * l.3. modern trade theories: sources of comparative advantage. 3.2. modern trade theories increasing returns to scale and specialization (p....

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