synonyms and antonyms in modern english

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lecture 10. synonyms and antonyms in modern english lecture 10. synonyms and antonyms in modern english plan: 1. synonymic dominant 2. classification of synonyms 3. total, relative and contextual synonyms 4. synonymic differentiation 5. proper, complete and conversitives antonyms 6. morphological classification of antonyms synonymy is the coincidence in the essential meaning of words which usually preserve their differences in connotations and stylistic characteristics. synonyms are two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some contexts. these words are distinguished by different shades of meaning, connotations and stylistic features. the synonymic dominant is the most general term potentially containing the specific features rendered by all the other members of the group. the words face, visage, countenance have a common denotational meaning "the front of the head" which makes them close synonyms. face is the …

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k; 7) side, party, interest, concern, faction; 8) character, role, cue, lines; 9) portion, passage, clause, paragraph. the semantic structures of two polysemantic words sometimes coincide in more than one meaning, but never completely. l. bloomfield and e. nida suppose even that there are no actual synonyms, i.e. forms which have identical meanings. in a great number of cases the semantic difference between two or more synonyms is supported by the difference in valency. an example of this is offered by the verbs win and gain both may be used in combination with the noun victory: to win a victory, to gain a victory. but with the word war only win is possible: to win a war. criteria of synonymity is interchangeability. it should be pointed out that neither the traditional definition of synonyms nor the new version provide for any objective criterion of similarity of meaning. it is solely …

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er the difference is in denotational or connotational component synonyms are classified into ideographic and stylistic. ideographic synonyms denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality. they are nearly identical in one or more denotational meanings and interchangeable at least in some contexts, e.g. beautiful - fine - handsome -pretty beautiful conveys, for instance, the strongest meaning; it marks the possession of that quality in its fullest extent, while the other terms denote the possession of it in part only. fineness, handsomeness and prettiness are to beauty as parts to a whole. in the synonymic group choose, select, opt, elect, pick the word choose has the most general meaning, the others are characterised by differences clearly statable: select implies a wide choice of possibilities (select a christmas present for a child), opt implies an alternative (either this, or that as in fewer students are opting for …

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ic group which can replace each other in any given context, without the slightest alteration in denotative meaning or emotional meaning and connotations. they are very rare. examples can be found mostly in special literature among technical terms and others, e.g. fatherland - motherland, suslik - gopher, noun - substantive, functional affix - flection, inflection, scarlet fever - scarlatina relative synonyms some authors class groups like ask - beg - implore, or like - love - adore, gift -talent - genius, famous - celebrated- eminent as relative synonyms, as they denote different degree of the same notion or different shades of meanings and can be substituted only in some contexts. contextual or context - dependent synonyms are similar in meaning only under some specific distributional conditions. it may happen that the difference between the meanings of two words is contextually neutralised , e.g. buy and get would not generally be …

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n the language. synonymic differentiation. it must be noted that synonyms may influence each other semantically in two diametrically opposite ways: one of them is dissimilation or differentiation, the other is the reverse process , i.e. assimilation. many words now marked in the dictionaries as "archaic" or "obsolete" have dropped out of the language in the competition of synonyms, others survived with a meaning more or less different from the original one. this process is called synonymic differentiation and is so current that is regarded as an inherent law of language development. the development of the synonymic group land has been studied by a.a. ufimtseva. when in the 13 century soil was borrowed from french into english its meaning was "a strip of land". oe synonyms eorpe, land, folde ment "the upper layer of earth in which plants grow". now, if two words coincide in meaning and use, the tendency …

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lecture 10. synonyms and antonyms in modern english lecture 10. synonyms and antonyms in modern english plan: 1. synonymic dominant 2. classification of synonyms 3. total, relative and contextual synonyms 4. synonymic differentiation 5. proper, complete and conversitives antonyms 6. morphological classification of antonyms synonymy is the coincidence in the essential meaning of words which usually preserve their differences in connotations and stylistic characteristics. synonyms are two or more words belonging to the same part of speech and possessing one or more identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some contexts. these words are distinguished by different shades of meaning, connotations and stylistic features. the synonymic dominant is the most general t...

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