the stomach

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haemorrhage the stomach the stomach is formed of 3 main parts: 1- the fundus. 2- the body. 3- the antrum. the gastric mucosa: they contain simple tubular glands. the glands in the cardiac region and pyloric canal contain mainly mucous cells. the glands in the fundus and body contain the following cells: 1- parietal cells: these secrete hcl and intrinsic factor. 2- peptic cells: these secrete proteolytic enzymes (pepsinogens). 3- mucous cells: these secrete mucus. innervation of the stomach: 1- parasympathetic supply. 2- sympathetic supply. mechanism of gastric secretion 1- cephalic phase (nervous):(20 %) this phase occurs before food reaches the stomach through both conditioned and unconditioned reflexes → stimulate gastric secretion through vagi nerves. the vagi stimulation leads to: a- stimulate the parietal and peptic cells by releasing acetylcholine. b- stimulate the gastrin-secreting cells(g cells) in pyloric antrum by releasing gastrin releasing polypeptide. 2- gastric phase :( 70 %) …

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entry in the stomach. 3- certain emotions. 4- hypoglycemia. 5- i.v injection of certain amino acids. b- factors that inhibit gastric secretion 1- reduction of the ph in the pyloric antrum below 2. 2- duodenal distension and presence of excess acids, fat, irritant substances or hypertonic fluids. 3- certain emotions. the gastric juice the gastric glands secrete about 2.5 liters of gastric juice daily. ph: strong acidic (1-2). water: 99 %. inorganic ions. enzymes. intrinsic factor. mucus: functions of hcl: 1- it activates pepsinogens into pepsins. 2- it kills most ingested bacteria. 3- it stimulates bile flow and pancreatic secretion. 4- regulation of gastric emptying. 5- it helps absorption of: - iron. - ca++. control of hcl secretion: 1- inhibitory factors: certain gastrointestinal hormones. the enterogastric reflex. prostaglandins. 2- stimulatory factors: acetylcholine. histamine. gastrin. mechanism of protection of the gastric mucosa: 1- the nature of the mucosal-cell membrane and tight …

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o: plasticity of the gastric muscle. law of laplace. this reflex is initiated by: conditioned reflexes mediated by the vagus nerve. unconditioned reflexes by distension of esophagus by the bolus of food or distension of the stomach. (mediated by vagus and local enteric reflex). b- gastric peristalsis: this occurs after food intake and is most marked in the distal half of the stomach. it is coordinated by the basic electric rhythm (ber) of the stomach. such waves result in either: 1- propulsive movement: this evacuates the gastric contents into the duodenum. 2- mixing movement: this brings the gastric contents back into the stomach. 3- grinding movement: the peristaltic contractions in the pyloric region may convert it into an isolated cavity in which the gastric contents are pressed upon. c-hunger contraction: these are strong contractions that occur in the body of stomach when it is empty for a long time. they …

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onditions: in nervousness → ↑ gastric motility → ↑ emptying. in pain, fear and muscular exercise → ↓ gastric motility → delay emptying. c- chemical factors: alcohol, coffee, nahco3, vitamin b. complex and parasmpathomimetic → ↑ gastric emptying. acids, smoking and sympathomimetic → delay gastric emptying.

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haemorrhage the stomach the stomach is formed of 3 main parts: 1- the fundus. 2- the body. 3- the antrum. the gastric mucosa: they contain simple tubular glands. the glands in the cardiac region and pyloric canal contain mainly mucous cells. the glands in the fundus and body contain the following cells: 1- parietal cells: these secrete hcl and intrinsic factor. 2- peptic cells: these secrete proteolytic enzymes (pepsinogens). 3- mucous cells: these secrete mucus. innervation of the stomach: 1- parasympathetic supply. 2- sympathetic supply. mechanism of gastric secretion 1- cephalic phase (nervous):(20 %) this phase occurs before food reaches the stomach through both conditioned and unconditioned reflexes → stimulate gastric secretion through vagi nerves. the vagi stimulation leads to: …

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