c++ da dasturlash

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o’zbekiston respublikasi axborot texnologiyalari va kommunikatsiyalarini rivojlantirish vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti kompyuter injiniringi fakulteti informatika asoslari kafedrasi c++ da dasturlash fanidan o’quv qo’llanma toshkent 2017 mualliflar: sh.a.sadullayeva, a.z.maxmudov, o.u.mallayev va a.x.madraximov. «c++ da dasturlash» fanidan o’quv qo’llanma //tatu 222 b. toshkent, 2017. qo’llanma maqsadi – nazariy bilimlarni mustahkamlash hamda strukturali va ob’ektga yo’naltirilgan dasturlar yaratish va joriy etish amaliy ko’nikmalarini hosil qilishdan iborat. qo’llanma dasturlashning asosiy tushunchalarini, ya’ni o’zgaruvchilar, funksiyalar, strukturalar va dinamik xotira bilan ishlash asoslarini yaratishga qaratilgan. shu bilan birga sinflar, vorislik, amallarni qo’shimcha yuklash, istisnolardan foydalanib ob’ektli dasturlashga bag’ishlangan. qo’llanma o’rta maxsus, kasb-hunar ta’limi va oliy o’quv yurtlari professor-o’qituvchilari va talabalari uchun mo’ljallangan. qo’llanma muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti o’quv-uslubiy kengashi tomonidan tasdiqlangan. taqrizchi: o’zmu professori, f.-m.f.d. m.aripov mundarija i bob. kirish ....................................................................................................... 8 1.1 dasturlash nima? .............................................................................................. 8 1.2 kompyuter anatomiyasi ................................................................................... 9 1.3 dasturlash muhiti bilan tanishish ................................................................... 13 …

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........... 20 ii bob. asosiy ma’lumotlar bazasi ................................................... 25 2.1 o’zgaruvchilar ............................................................................................ 25 2.1.1 o’zgaruvchiga ta’rif ................................................................................. 25 2.1.2 sonlarning turi ......................................................................................... 25 2.1.3 o’zgaruvchilarning nomi ......................................................................... 26 2.1.4 o’zlashtirish operatori ............................................................................. 27 2.1.5 doimiylar ................................................................................................. 27 2.1.6 izohlar ...................................................................................................... 28 2.2 arifmetika ................................................................................................... 28 2.2.1 arifmetik amallar ..................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 ko’payuvchi va kamayuvchi ................................................................... 29 2.2.3 qoldiqsiz bo’linish va qoldiq ................................................................... 29 2.2.4 suzuvchi nuqtali sonlarni butun sonlarga aylantirish .............................. 30 2.2.5 darajalar va ildizlar.................................................................................. 30 2.3 ma’lumotlarni kiritish va chiqarish ............................................................ 31 2.3.1 kiritish ..................................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 formatlangan natijalar ............................................................................. 32 2.4 masalaning yechimi: dastlab uni qo’llar yordamida bajaring .................... 33 2.5 satrlar ...................

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.......................................................................................... 33 2.5.1 satrning turi ............................................................................................. 34 2.5.2 birlashtirish .............................................................................................. 34 2.5.3 kiritish satri ............................................................................................. 35 2.5.4 satrlarning vazifalari ................................................................................ 35 iii bob qarorlar .......................................................................................... 37 3.1 if shartli operatori ........................................................................................... 37 3.2 raqamlar va qatorlarni qiyoslash ................................................................... 41 3.3 ko’p sonli muqobillar .................................................................................... 45 3.4.ichma ich shartlar ........................................................................................... 51 3.5 muammoni hal etish: diagrammalar ............................................................. 54 3.6 bul o’zgarishlari va operatorlar ..................................................................... 56 3.7 amaliy dastur: ma’lumot to’g’riligini tekshirish .......................................... 60 iv bob. takrorlanishlar ....................................................................... 62 4.1 davriy takrorlanishlar .................................................................................... 62 4.2 muammo yechimi: belgilash ......................................................................... 65 4.3 bajaruvchi takrorlanishlar .............................................................................. 69 4.4 ma’lumotlarni qayta ishlash .......................................................................... 70 4.5 oddiy takr

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orlanish algoritmlari ...................................................................... 74 4.5.1 yig’indi va o’rtacha qiymat ..................................................................... 74 4.5.2 sonlarning o’zgarishi ............................................................................... 75 4.5.3 birinchi o’zgarishni topish ....................................................................... 76 4.5.4 maksimum va minimum .......................................................................... 78 4.5.5 ketma-ket kelgan qiymatlarni taqqoslash ............................................... 79 4.6 kiritilgan takrorlanishlar ................................................................................ 80 4.7 tasodifiy sonlar va modellashtirish ............................................................... 81 4.7.1 taxminiy sonlarni paydo qilish ............................................................... 81 4.7.2 kubikli qur’a tashlashni modella ............................................................. 83 v bob. funksiyalar ..................................................................................... 86 5.1. funksiyalar qora quti(black boxes) sifatida .................................................. 86 5.2. funksiyalarni amalga oshirish ...................................................................... 87 5.3. parametrni uzatish ......................................................................................... 90 5.4 qaytish qiymati .............................................................................................. 91 5.4.1 qaytish qiymatining yo’qligi ................................................................... 93 5.4.2 funksiya e’lonlari .................................................................................... 94 5.5 qaytish qiymatisiz funksiyalar ...................................................................... 96 5.6. muammoni yechish: takroran ishlatiladigan funksiyalar ....

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........................ 98 5.7. muammoni yechish:bosqichma bosqich detallashtirish ............................ 100 5.8. o’zgaruvchini aniqlash maydoni va global o’zgaruvchilar ........................ 104 5.9 izoh parametri .............................................................................................. 107 vi bob. massiv va vektorlar ............................................................................. 110 6.1 massivlar ...................................................................................................... 110 6.1.1 vektorlarni aniqlash ............................................................................... 110 6.1.2 massiv elementlarini kiritish ................................................................. 112 6.1.3 qisman to’ldirilgan massiv .................................................................... 114 6.2 umumiy massiv algoritmlari ....................................................................... 117 6.2.1 nusxa ko’chirish .................................................................................... 118 6.2.2 yig’indi va o’rtacha qiymat ................................................................... 119 6.2.3 eng katta va eng kichik .......................................................................... 119 6.2.4 element ajratuvchilari ............................................................................ 120 6.2.5 bir chiziqli qidiruv ................................................................................. 120 6.2.6 elementni olib tashlash .......................................................................... 121 6.2.7 element kiritish ...................................................................................... 122 6.2.8 kiritishni o’qish ..................................................................................... 124 6.3 massiv va funksiyalar .................................................................................. 126 6.4 ikki o’lch

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o’zbekiston respublikasi axborot texnologiyalari va kommunikatsiyalarini rivojlantirish vazirligi muhammad al-xorazmiy nomidagi toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti kompyuter injiniringi fakulteti informatika asoslari kafedrasi c++ da dasturlash fanidan o’quv qo’llanma toshkent 2017 mualliflar: sh.a.sadullayeva, a.z.maxmudov, o.u.mallayev va a.x.madraximov. «c++ da dasturlash» fanidan o’quv qo’llanma //tatu 222 b. toshkent, 2017. qo’llanma maqsadi – nazariy bilimlarni mustahkamlash hamda strukturali va ob’ektga yo’naltirilgan dasturlar yaratish va joriy etish amaliy ko’nikmalarini hosil qilishdan iborat. qo’llanma dasturlashning asosiy tushunchalarini, ya’ni o’zgaruvchilar, funksiyalar, strukturalar va dinamik xotira bilan ishlash asoslarini yaratishga qaratilgan. shu bilan birga ...

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