human immunodeficiency virus

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powerpoint presentation - mm 445 lecture 3 chair of microbiology, virology, and immunology human immunodeficiency virus the first indication of new disease – acquired immunodificiency syndrom (aids) began, when reports came from great cities of usa (new york, los angeles, san francisco) of a sudden increase in the incidence of two very rare diseases: 1981- 5 cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 8 months in young homosexuals ((before described as epidemics at the closed children’s establishments, 1967 to 1979 treatment was sought for 2 cases). 1981- in 30 months time 26 cases of kaposi’s sarcoma in young they appeared to have lost their immnune competence, rendering them vulnerable to overwhelming and fatal infections with relatively avirulent microorganisms, as well as to lymphoid and other malignancies. pneumocystis carinii kaposi’s sarcoma new retrovirus from lymphadenopathy in a homosexual in 1983 prof. luc montagnier pasteur institute, paris named lymphadenopathy associated virus (lav) dr. …

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, hiv). immunodeficiency – means that the disease is characterized by a weakening of the immune system. syndrome – refers to a group of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease. a.i.d.s. a global view of hiv infection 33 million people [30–36 million] living with hiv, 2007 children ( 2 months diarrhoea for >2 months loss of weight > 10% of body wait within short period. night sweat loss of appetite cd4 cell count low p24 positive opportunistic infections of aids 1. protozoal infections: a) pneumocystis carinii b) toxoplasma gondii c) cryptosporidium d) isospora belli e) malaria opportunistic infections of aids 2. fungal infections: a) candida b) cryptococcus c) aspergillus 3. bacterial infections: opportunistic infections of aids a) mycobacterium b) salmonella c) pyogenic bacteria opportunistic infections of aids 4. viral infections: a) herpes simplex virus (hsv) b) herpes zoster virus c) cytomegalovirus (cmv) malignancy 1. kaposi’s sarcoma 2. non-hodgkin’s …

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may be due to esophageal candidiasis. a characteristic intestinal pathogen in aids is cryptosporidium. salmonellae, mycobacteria, cmv or adenoviruses also frequently cause intestinal infections. systemic strongyloidosis may occur. chronic colitis is common in male homosexuals («gay bowel syndrome»), from which ameba, lamblia and a host of diarrheagenic bacteria have been reported. candidiasis c. central nervous system: the typical cns opportunistic infections are toxoplasmosis and cryptococcosis. infections are also seen with cmv, herpes simplex, papovaviruses, mycobacteria, aspergillus and candida. lymphomas of the central nervous system are common. d. malignancies: kaposi's sarcoma is the characteristic lesion seen in male homosexuals. it is an indolent multifocal nonmetastasising is mucosal or cutaneous tumor, probably of endothelial origin. the other tumors commonly seen are lymphomas, both the hodgkin and non hodgkin types. e. cutaneous. besides kaposi's sarcoma, herpes lesions, candidiasis, xeroderma, seborrheic dermatitis, prurigo, folliculitis, impetigo and molluscum contagiosumn are common cutaneous lesions. f. dementia. …

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l as specific tests for hiv. a. immunological tests. the following parameters help to establish the immunodeficiency in hiv infection: l. total leucocyte and lymphocyte count to demonstrate leucopenia and a lymphocyte count usually below 2,000 /c.mm. 2. t cell subset assays. absolute t4 cell count will be usually less than 200/c.mm. t4: t8 cell ratio is reversed. 3. platelet count will show thrombocytopenia. 4. raised igg and iga levels. 5. diminished cmi as indicated by skin tests. 6. lymph node biopsy showing profound abnormalities. b. specific tests for hiv infection. these include demonstration of hiv antigens and antibodies and isolation of the virus. i. antigen detection. the time course of appearance of detectable antigens and antibodies after нv infection is generally as follows: following a single massive infection, as by blood transfusion, the virus antigens (p24) may be detectable in blood after about two weeks. igm antibodies appear in …

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wever, its sensitivity is lower than screening elisas. line immunoassays incorporate various hiv antigens on nitrocellulose strips. the interpretation of results is similar to western blot it is more sensitive and specific. 3. antibody detection. demonstration of antibodies is the simplest and most widely employed technique for the diagnosis of hiv infection. elisa for hiv antibody microplate elisa for hiv antibody: coloured wells indicate reactivity western blot for hiv antibody there are different criteria for the interpretation of hiv western blot results e.g. cdc, who, american red cross. the most important antibodies are those against the envelope glycoproteins gp120, gp160, and gp41 p24 antibody is usually present but may be absent in the later stages of hiv infection test-system for aids diagnosis immunoprophylaxis types of hiv vaccines 1. attenuated vaccines are made from genetically engineered strains lacking some crucial genes, so that the resulting virus causes a harmless infection. this …

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О "human immunodeficiency virus"

powerpoint presentation - mm 445 lecture 3 chair of microbiology, virology, and immunology human immunodeficiency virus the first indication of new disease – acquired immunodificiency syndrom (aids) began, when reports came from great cities of usa (new york, los angeles, san francisco) of a sudden increase in the incidence of two very rare diseases: 1981- 5 cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in 8 months in young homosexuals ((before described as epidemics at the closed children’s establishments, 1967 to 1979 treatment was sought for 2 cases). 1981- in 30 months time 26 cases of kaposi’s sarcoma in young they appeared to have lost their immnune competence, rendering them vulnerable to overwhelming and fatal infections with relatively avirulent microorganisms, as well as …

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