doctrine about infection

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Updated Dec 2025

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слайд 1 * spread of infectious diseases in different regions of the earth (per 100 000 population) infection and disease what is a pathogen? a pathogen is a micro-organism that has the potential to cause disease. what is an infection? an infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an individual or population. what is disease? disease is when the infection causes damage to the individual’s vital functions or systems. an infection does not always result in disease! * how do microbes reach us? the cycle of transmission involves escape from the host or reservoir of infection. transport to the new host. entry to the new host. escape from the new host. source/reservoir of infection mode of transmission human host represents the various barriers to infection e.g. the skin represents the target organ e.g. lungs portal of entry portal of exit * source of infection: sick men sick …

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when a person with active tb coughs or sneezes, droplets loaded with the infectious organism are propelled into the air. the moisture evaporates from these particles to leave droplet nuclei that can remain airborne for days and spread long distances. the mycobacterium has a waxy coat, which protects it from drying out allowing it to survive for many months in the air and dust. * fecal-oral mechanism of transmission of infection source infections feces urine sputum (for some infections) food products water hands objects domestic use flies soil food water stage of selection of invader stage of stay of invader in an environment stage of penetration of invader ways of selection factors of transmission ways of transmission contact- domestic receptive organism mode of transmission direct contact – person to person example: gastroenteritis vertical – touching (faecal-oral route) norwalk virus causes a type of gastroenteritis. norwalk virus is found in the …

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mouth. * mode of transmission direct contact – person to person example: syphilis vertical – sexual intercourse the bacterium treponema pallidum causes syphilis. the bacterium enters the body through very tiny cuts on the skin or mucous membranes when there is contact with an infected person or their bodily fluids. interlocking gender symbols representing sexually transmitted diseases. * mode of transmission direct contact – person to person example: german measles rubella virus causes german measles. when infection occurs during pregnancy the virus crosses the placenta in the blood leading to infection of the fetus. the virus can affect all the organs of the developing fetus. the risk to the baby is highest in the first 3 months – up to 85% of babies are affected if infected during this period. eight week old fetus attached to its placenta by the umbilical cord. horizontal across the placenta or via breast milk …

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respiratory tract (mouth and nose) e.g. influenza virus gastrointestinal tract (mouth oral cavity) e.g. vibrio cholerae urogenital tract e.g. escherichia coli breaks in the skin surface e.g. clostridium tetani * preferred portal of entry major ports of entry: skin (sweat glands, cuts) mucous membranes unlike skin, mucous membranes are: warm; moist; thin; living cells portals of entry portals of entry respiratory tract example: influenza influenza or ‘flu is a highly infectious respiratory tract infection. it is caused by a virus. virus is inhaled into the lungs through the mouth and nose. the envelope of the virus has around 500 spikes sticking out of it. spikes attach to the cells lining the lungs. these help the virus get into the cell. the respiratory tract. * portals of entry gastrointestinal tract example: cholera cholera is an acute infection of the intestinal tract. it is caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae. the infection …

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ing towels or toilet seats. chlamydial infection is often known as the silent disease as approximately 75% of women and 50% of men don’t experience any symptoms. c. trachomatis bacteria (background) with the female reproductive tract superimposed. * portals of entry breaking the surface of the skin example: tetanus tetanus is commonly known as lockjaw; it is a neuromuscular disease. it is caused by a toxin (poison), which is produced by the bacterium clostridium tetani. c. tetani is found in soil, dust and the guts and faeces of many animals. c. tetani produces endospores. the endospores usually enter the body through a puncture wound to the skin. splinter in the finger. * the dynamics of the development of the infectious process consists of the incubation and prodromal periods, the height of the disease and period of recovery ( convalescence). a certain period of time elapses from the moment of penetration …

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слайд 1 * spread of infectious diseases in different regions of the earth (per 100 000 population) infection and disease what is a pathogen? a pathogen is a micro-organism that has the potential to cause disease. what is an infection? an infection is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an individual or population. what is disease? disease is when the infection causes damage to the individual’s vital functions or systems. an infection does not always result in disease! * how do microbes reach us? the cycle of transmission involves escape from the host or reservoir of infection. transport to the new host. entry to the new host. escape from the new host. source/reservoir of infection mode of transmission …

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