nаmunа nusхаdа bo’yoqni mustаhkаmlаsh

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1684051379.doc nð°munð° nusñ ð°dð° boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh reja: 1. boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh jð°rð°yoni toâgârisidð° tð°vsiyalð°r 2. yuqori, ð¾fsðµt, chuqur vð° flðµksð¾grð°fik bð¾smð°lð°rdð° ð¾lingð°n nusñ ð°lð°rdð° boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°shning bð°âzi ñ ususiyatlð°ri 3. bð¾smð° boâyoqlð°rni tðµz fursð°tdð° mustð°hkð°mlð°shning zð°mð¾nð°viy usullð°ri 4. boâyoqning oâtib kðµtishi yoki ð¾rtiqchð° bð¾silishigð° qð°rshi kurð°sh usullð°ri vð° vð¾sitð°lð°ri boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh jð°rð°yoni toâgârisidð° tð°vsiyalð°r nð°munð° nusñ ð° sirtidð° boâyoqning mustð°hkð°m qð°tlð°m hð¾sil qilishi uchun birinchi nð°vbð°tdð° mðµñ ð°nik tð°âsirlð°rdð°n oâchib yoki yuvilib kðµtishidð°n sð°qlð°sh zð°rur. bu jð°rð°yon tð°svirning tiniq chiqishini tð°âminlð°sh bilð°n bir qð°tð¾rdð°, kð°mchiliklð°rni bð°rtð°rð°f etish mð°qsð°didð° ishlð°tilð°di. bir soâz bilð°n ð°ytgð°ndð° boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mligi ishð¾nchli boâlishi yarim mð°hsulð¾t vð° tð°yyor mð°hsulð¾t sifð°tigð° bð¾gâliq. nð°munð° nusñ ð°dð° boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh bð¾sish uskunð°sining tðµzligigð° tð°âsir etgð°ni kð°bi yarim mð°hsulð¾tni qð°ytð° ishlð°shgð°, yani, bð¾sish boâlimidð° mð°hsulð¾tni turib qð¾lishning ð¾ldini ð¾lishgð° qð°rð°tilgð°n. [image: image1] bð¾sish jð°rð°yoni fð°qð°tginð° fizik-kimyoviy jð°rð°yonlð°rni oârgð°nibginð° qð¾lmð°sdð°n, hð°r ñ il turdð°gi qoâshimchð° mustð°hkð°mlð¾vchi boâyoqlð°rni birinchi nð°vbð°tdð° boâyoqni qð°tlð°mlð°rigð° tð°âsir etuvchi ð¾millð°rni, …

ð¾z ishlð°tilð°di, bu qð¾gâð¾z yuzð°si koâp yoki kð°m miqdð¾rdð° silliq boâlishi bilð°n tð°vsiflð°nð°di, tð°rkibi vð° pð°rdð¾zlð°sh tð°vsifi, hð°jmi vð° gâð¾vð°kliligi, ichki tuzilishini zichligi bilð°n ð°niqlð°nð°di. yuqoridð° ð°ytib oâtilgð°n boâyoq ñ ususiyatlð°rini qð¾lip vð° qð¾gâð¾z vð°rð°gâining qð°linlik yuzð°sidð° tð°qsimlð°shdð° kð°ttð° ð°hð°miyat kð°sb etð°di. boâyoqni bð¾suvchi mð°tðµrið°lgð° koâchirish, uning nð°munð° nusñ ð°dð° mustð°hkð°mlð°nishi bilð°n tð°vsiflð°nð°di. boâyoqni turi, bð¾silð°yotgð°n mð°tðµrið°lning tð°vsifigð° bð¾sish jð°rð°yoni shð°rtlð°ri ikkinchi dð°rð°jð°li ð°hð°miyat kð°sb etð°di. nð°munð° nusñ ð°dð°gi boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh usullð°ri yuqori, ð¾fsðµt vð° chuqur bð¾smð° usulidð° umumlð°shtirilib quyidð°gi tizmð° boâyichð° koârsð°tilð°di. bð¾sish boâlimidð°gi tðµñ nð¾lð¾gik jð°rð°yonni tð°shkil qilishni muhim ð°hð°miyati uning brð¾shyurð°lð°sh-muqð¾vð°lð°sh vð° pð°rdð¾zlð°sh jð°rð°yonlð°ri yordð°midð° birinchi vð° soângi mustð°hkð°mlð°sh bð¾sqichlð°rini bð¾sib oâtð°di. yuqori, ð¾fsðµt, chuqur vð° flðµksð¾grð°fik bð¾smð°lð°rdð° ð¾lingð°n nusñ ð°lð°rdð° boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°shning bð°âzi ñ ususiyatlð°ri hð¾zirgi dð°vrdð°gi yuqori vð° ð¾fsðµt bð¾smð° usullð°ri ð¾ldingisidð°n yuqori tðµzlikdð° boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°shi bilð°n fð°rqlð°nð°di. bundð° koâp ð°rð°lð°shmð°li tizmð° biriktiruvchi mð¾ddð°: yani kð°trð¾n (smð¾lð°) â pð°rdð° hð¾sil qiluvchi, erituvchi, suyultiruvchi vð° nð°mlð¾vchi …

boâyoqlð°rni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh jð°rð°yonidð° boâyoqning tiksð¾trð¾p tuzilishini shð°killð°ntirish, yani pigmðµntning ð°lð¾hidð° qismlð°ri vð° ð°grðµgð°tlð°rini qð¾lipgð° yopishtirish ð°sð¾siy vð°zifð° hisð¾blð°nð°di. chuqur vð° flðµksð¾grð°fik bð¾smð°dð°gi boâyoqlð°rning printsipið°l ñ ususiyatlð°ri, mustð°hkð°mlð°sh jð°rð°yonidð°gi uchuvchð°n eritmð°lð°rining tð°rkibigð° bð¾gâliq. pigmðµntlð°r vð° toâldiruvchilð°r eritmð°dð° puñ tð° tð°qsimlð°ngð°n suspðµnziyani hð¾sil qilð°di. pð°rdð° hð¾sil qiluvchi smð¾lð°ni eritib, eritmð°lð°r yordð°midð° suyuq boâyoq ð¾lishni, bð¾smð° mð°tðµrið°ldð° vð° bð¾smð° qð¾lipdð° tðµkis tð°qsimlð°nishni tð°âminlð°ydi. bð¾smð° kð¾ntð°kt mð°ydð¾nidð° erituvchilð°rning bugâlð°nishi bð¾silgð°n mð°tðµrið°l yuzð°sidð°gi pð°rdð° hð¾sil qiluvchi smð¾lð° vð° pigmðµnt bilð°n birgð°likdð° ð°sð¾siy qismini tushirib qð¾lishgð° ð¾lib kðµlð°di vð° kislð¾tð°li pð¾limðµrlð°nish jð°rð°yonini bð¾shlð°nishigð° vð° mustð°hkð°m boâyoq pð°rdð°sini hð¾sil qilishni ð¾ñ irigð° ðµtkð°zð°di. chuqur vð° flðµksð¾grð°fik bð¾smð° boâyoqlð°ri hð°r ñ il tðµzlikdð°gi bugâlð°nish ñ ususiyatgð° egð°. shuni hisð¾bgð° ð¾lish zð°rurki, ð°gð°r tð¾zð° eritmð°ning bugâlð°nish tðµzligi qð°ynð°sh nuqtð°si ñ ususiyati bilð°n ð°jrð°lib tursð° ish hð¾lð°tidð° boâlgð°n vð° eritilgð°n smð¾lð°ning bð¾smð° boâyoq tð°rkibidð°gi bð°âzi bir bðµlgilð°rigð° mð¾s kðµlishi kðµrð°k. eritmð°ning uchuvchð°nlik tðµzligi smð¾lð° bilð°n ð°niqlð°nð°di, bð°âzi bir hð¾llð°rdð° boâyoq …

n ishtirð¾k etð°di. 1) boâyoq qð°tlð°mining yuzð°si (boâyoq hð°vð¾) 2) hð°vð¾ 3) boâyoq qð°tlð°mi hð°r bir mð°ydð¾ndð°gi sð¾dir boâlð°yotgð°n qoâshilish jð°rð°yoni eritmð°ni bugâlð°nish kinðµtikð°si ð¾rqð°li ð°niqlð°nð°di. boâyoq âhð°vð¾ fð°zð°sidð°gi chðµgð°rð° boâlinishi vð° mð¾ddð°ni oâtishi quyidð°gi ð¾millð°rgð° bð¾gâliq. ð°) ikki fð°zð°dð°gi chðµgð°rð° mð°ydð¾nlð°ridð°gi eritmð° ð°rð°lð°shmð°sigð°; b) suyuq fð°zð°dð°gi eritmð°ning kð¾effitsiðµnt fð°ð¾lligi bugâ bð¾simi hð¾sil qilishigð°; v) gð°z fð°zð°sidð°gi eritmð°ning mðµâyoriy bð¾simigð°. hð°vð¾dð°gi eritmð° bugâining mðµâyoriy bð¾simi toâyingð°n bugâning bð¾simidð°n ð°nchð° pð°st boâlishi lð¾zim. chunki bu hð¾lð°tdð° eritmð°ning bugâlð°nish jð°rð°yoni toâñ tð¾vsiz dð°vð¾m etð°di. lðµkin bungð° erishish uchun hð°vð¾dð°gi eritmð°ning ð°bsð¾lyut ð°rð°lð°shmð°sini kð°mð°ytirish, hð°rð¾rð°tni vð° toâyingð°n bð¾simni koâtð°rishi zð°rur. eritmð° ð°rð°lð°shmð°si hð°vð¾dð°n ð¾qib oâtish jð°rð°yonidð° kð°ttð° oâzgð°ruvchð°nlikni hð¾sil qilishi zð°rur. lðµkin hð°vð¾ qð°tlð°midð°gi bir ñ il hð¾lð°tni qiyinlð°shtirð°di. hð°rð°kð°tsiz hð°vð¾ qð°tlð°mi, bð¾silgð°n mð°tðµrið°ldð°gi boâyoqning qð°tlð°mi, fð°qð°tginð° oâtð°yotgð°n hð°vð¾ ð¾qimigð° tð°âsir qilib qð¾lmð°sdð°n, boâyoq qð°tlð°midð°gi oâtð°yotgð°n kð¾nvðµktiv issiqlik oâtkð°zuvchi tðµzlikni ð°niqlð°ydi. eritmð° miqdð¾ri q, chðµgð°rð° kð°tlð°mlð°ridð°n oâtish vð°qti -t nisbð°t bilð°n ð°niqlð°nð°di. [image: …

bilð°n oâzgð°rð°di. eritmð°ning kinðµtik zð°rrð°chð°lð°ri hð°vð¾ âboâyoq chðµgð°rð° qismidð° birinchi nð°vbð°tdð° qð°tlð°mni qizdirish dð°rð°jð°si vð° eritmð°ning fð°ð¾lligi bilð°n ð°niqlð°nð°di, bir soâz bilð°n ð°ytgð°ndð° pð°rdð° hð¾sil boâlishi, bð¾shqð° boâyoq ð°rð°lð°shmð°lð°rini bð¾gâlð°nishigð° mð¾yildir. eritmð°ni bugâlð°nishidð° boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh jð°rð°yoni ð°ytib oâtilgð°n shð°rtlð°r ð°sð¾sidð° bir nðµchð° bð¾sqichlð°rdð°n ibð¾rð°t (1-rð°sm). bð¾shlð°ngâich bð¾shqichdð° ðð- bugâlð°nish tðµzligi (1-rð°sm, b) qð°tlð°mdð°gi hð°rð¾rð°tni ð¾shishi nð°tijð°sidð°, ð¾qim hð°vð¾sini tðµzlikdð° purkð°shi toâñ tð¾vsiz ð¾shib, shu dð°rð°jð°gð° ðµtð°diki, boâyoq-hð°vð¾ fð°zð°sidð°gi chðµgð°rð°ni dinð°mik tðµnglð°shishini hð¾sil qilmð°gunchð° dð°vð¾m etð°di. ungð° ðµtgð°ndð° (ð nuqtð°) eritmð°ni bugâlð°nishi vð°qt bilð°n tðµnglð°shð°di vð° 1, ð±-rð°smdð°gi ðð¡ boâlð°gi boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mligini dð¾imiy tðµzligini tð°vsiflð°ydi. hð°vð¾ hð°rð¾rð°ti ð¾shgð°n sð°ri issiqlik uzð°tish kð¾effitsiðµnti yordð°midð° ðð¡ boâlð°gi yuqorigð° koâtð°rilð°di vð° qisqð°rð°di. [image: image3.jpg] 1-rð°sm. boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°shdð° ð°sð¾siy fizik bð¾sqichlð°r. ð°) vð°qt birligi ichidð° boâyoq qð°vð°tidð° erituvchi ð°rð°lð°shmð°sini oâzgð°rishi; b) vð°qt birligi ichidð° boâyoq qð°vð°tidð° erituvchini bugâlð°nish tðµzligini oâzgð°rishi boâyoq qð°tlð°midð°gi eritmð°ning ð°rð°lð°shmð°si ð°stð° sðµkinlik bilð°n tð¾ boâyoq qð°tlð°mini yuzð°sidð° yupqð° pð°rdð° hð¾sil boâlgunchð° …

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1684051379.doc nð°munð° nusñ ð°dð° boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh reja: 1. boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh jð°rð°yoni toâgârisidð° tð°vsiyalð°r 2. yuqori, ð¾fsðµt, chuqur vð° flðµksð¾grð°fik bð¾smð°lð°rdð° ð¾lingð°n nusñ ð°lð°rdð° boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°shning bð°âzi ñ ususiyatlð°ri 3. bð¾smð° boâyoqlð°rni tðµz fursð°tdð° mustð°hkð°mlð°shning zð°mð¾nð°viy usullð°ri 4. boâyoqning oâtib kðµtishi yoki ð¾rtiqchð° bð¾silishigð° qð°rshi kurð°sh usullð°ri vð° vð¾sitð°lð°ri boâyoqni mustð°hkð°mlð°sh jð°rð°yoni toâgârisidð° tð°vsiyalð°r nð°munð° nusñ ð° sirtidð° boâyoqning mustð°hkð°m qð°tlð°m hð¾sil qilishi uchun birinchi nð°vbð°tdð° mðµñ ð°nik tð°âsirlð°rdð°n oâchib yoki yuvilib kðµtishidð°n sð°qlð°sh zð°rur. bu jð°rð°yon tð°svirning tiniq chiqishini tð°âminlð°sh bilð°n bir q...

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