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biologiya 7-sinf_2-ch_uzb

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77 biologiyabiologiya toshkent – 2022 uo‘k 57(075.3) kbk 28.0ya72 b 70 uo‘k 57(075.3) kbk 28.0ya72 isbn 978-9943-8353-3-7 â© respublika tã¤lim merkezi, 2022 i. m. mustafayev – o‘zbekiston respublikasi fanlar akademiyasi botanika instituti katta ilmiy xodimi, biologiya fanlari nomzodi. m. sh. raximov – mirzo ulug‘bek nomidagi o‘zbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti zoologiya kafedrasi mudiri, biologiya fanlari doktori, professor. a. a. matkarimova – mirzo ulug‘bek nomidagi o‘zbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti botanika va o‘simliklar fiziologiyasi kafedrasi mudiri, qishloq xo‘jaligi fanlari nomzodi, dotsent. s. a. sodiqova – mirzo ulug‘bek nomidagi o‘zbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti zoologiya kafedrasi o‘qituvchisi, biologiya fanlari nomzodi, dotsent. s. i. zayniyev – nizomiy nomidagi toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti tabiiy fanlar fakulteti biologiya va uni o‘qitish metodikasi kafedrasi o‘qituvchisi. m. a. xojimuratova – nizomiy nomidagi toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti tabiiy fanlar fakulteti zoologiya va anatomiya kafedrasi o‘qituvchisi. x. s. nurmetov – toshkent viloyati chirchiq davlat pedagogika instituti genetika va evolyutsion …
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ng xilmaxilligi............................................................................................................9 1.3 bakteriyalar. protoktistalar. zamburug‘lar.........................................................................................12 1.4 o‘simliklarning xilmaxilligi. sporali o‘simliklar................................................................................16 1.5 urug‘li o‘simliklar..........................................................................................................................................18 1.6 umurtqasiz hayvonlarning xilmaxilligi................................................................................................22 1.7 umurtqali hayvonlarning xilmaxilligi. baliqlar, amfibiyalar va reptiliyalar.........................26 1.8 qushlar va sutemizuvchilar.......................................................................................................................30 1.9 amaliy mashg‘ulot. o‘simlik va hayvonot dunyosi sistematik guruhlarini o‘rganish............................................................................................................................................................35 ii bob. tiriklikning molekula va hujayra darajasi 2.1 hujayra – tirik organizmlarning tuzilish birligi ...............................................................................37 2.2 to‘qimalar.........................................................................................................................................................40 2.3 laboratoriya mashg‘uloti: 1. kattalashtirib ko‘rsatuvchi asboblar.................................................................................................45 2. o‘simlik to‘qimasidan vaqtinchalik preparat tayyorlash.........................................................46 iii bob. organ va organlar sistemasi 3.1 gulli o‘simliklarning vegetativ organlari. ildiz ..................................
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...............................................48 3.2 novda..................................................................................................................................................................51 3.3 amaliy mashg‘ulot. vegetativ organlar metamorfozini o‘rganish.............................................54 3.4 o‘simliklarning generativ organlari. gul..............................................................................................56 3.5 meva....................................................................................................................................................................59 3.6 odam va hayvonlarning organlari va organlar sistemasi.............................................................62 iv bob. koordinatsiya va o‘z-o‘zini boshqarish 4.1 tirik organizmlarning o‘z-o‘zini boshqarishi....................................................................................67 4.2 amaliy mashg‘ulot. reflektor yoyini modellashtirish....................................................................70 4.3 nerv sistemasi.................................................................................................................................................72 4.4 laboratoriya mashg‘uloti. yomg‘ir chuvalchangining refleksini kuzatish.............................74 v bob. oziqlanish 5.1 organizmlarning oziqlanishi.....................................................................................................................77 5.2 loyiha ishi. mineral o‘g‘itlarning o‘simlik rivojiga ta’sirini o‘rganish......................................81 5.3 laboratoriya mashg‘uloti. bargda organik moddalarning hosil bo‘lishi................................82 5.4 hayvonlarning oziqlanishi ........................................................................................................................83 5.5 odamning ovqat hazm qilish sistemasi .........................
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......................................................................87 5.6 amaliy mashg‘ulot. ovqat hazm qilish sistemasini modellashtirish.......................................90 vi bob. nafas olish 6.1 nafas olishning mohiyati. o‘simliklarning nafas olishi..................................................................93 6.2 odam va hayvonlarning nafas olishi......................................................................................................96 4 6.3 laboratoriya mashg‘uloti. o‘simliklarning nafas olishini o‘rganish.........................................99 6.4 amaliy mashg‘ulot. fotosintez va nafas olish jarayonlarini taqqoslash ............................. 100 vii bob. tirik organizmlarda moddalar transporti 7.1 o‘simliklarda moddalar transporti .................................................................................................... 102 7.2 laboratoriya mashg‘uloti. o‘simliklarda moddalar transportini o‘rganish....................... 105 7.3 laboratoriya mashg‘uloti. barglarning suv bug‘latishini o‘rganish...................................... 106 7.4 umurtqasizlarning qon aylanish sistemasi..................................................................................... 107 7.5 amaliy mashg‘ulot. umurtqasizlarning qon aylanish sistemasini modellashtirish va taqqoslash................................................................................................................................................ 110 7.6 umurtqalilarning qon aylanish sistemasi........................................................................................ 111 7.7 amaliy mashg‘ulot. umurtqalilarning qon aylanish sistemasini modellashtirish va taqqoslash................................................................................................................................................ 113 viii bob. ayirish (ekskretsiya) 8.1 ayirish .................................................................
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............................................................................................ 115 8.2 odam va hayvonlarning ayirishi........................................................................................................... 117 8.3 amaliy mashg‘ulot. odamning ayirish organlarini modellashtirish..................................... 120 ix bob. harakatlanish 9.1 tirik organizmlarning harakatlanishi ............................................................................................... 122 9.2 loyiha ishi. o‘simliklarda fototropizm, fotonastiya, geotropizm hodisalarini kuzatish................................................................................................................................. 125 9.3 umurtqasizlarning harakatlanish organlari.................................................................................... 128 9.4 laboratoriya mashg‘uloti. tufelka infuzoriyasining harakatlanishini kuzatish.............. 131 9.5 umurtqalilarning tayanch-harakat organlari................................................................................. 132 9.6 amaliy mashg‘ulot. umurtqali hayvonlarning tayanch-harakat sistemasini modellashtirish............................................................................................................................................. 137 x bob. reproduksiya, o‘sish va rivojlanish 10.1 organizmlarning ko‘payishi................................................................................................................... 139 10.2 loyiha ishi. o‘simliklarning vegetativ ko‘payishini o‘rganish................................................. 143 10.3 o‘simliklarning individual rivojlanishi.............................................................................................. 145 10.4 amaliy mashg‘ulot. urug‘li o‘simliklarning hayot siklini o‘rganish...................................... 149 10.5 hayvonlarning ko‘payishi ..............................
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........................................................................................ 150 10.6 hayvonlarning individual rivojlanishi............................................................................................... 154 10.7 amaliy mashg‘ulot. hayvonlarning to‘g‘ri va noto‘g‘ri rivojlanishini qiyosiy tahlil asosida o‘rganish............................................................................................................. 157 xi bob. tur, populyatsiya, ekosistema, biosfera 11.1 tur, populyatsiya ........................................................................................................................................ 161 11.2 amaliy mashg‘ulot. tirik organizmlarning tashqi muhitga moslashishini o‘rganish... 164 11.3 ekosistemalar. biosfera ........................................................................................................................... 165 11.4 amaliy mashg‘ulot. oziq zanjiri va oziq to‘ri tuzish ................................................................... 169 5 k i r i s h aziz o‘quvchi! siz 1–6-sinflarda o‘qish mobaynida “tabiiy fanlar” darslarida tabiat haqidagi ko‘plab tushuncha va atama, qonuniyatlar bilan tanishdingiz. bu yil siz yangi fan – biologiyani o‘rganishni boshlaysiz. “tabiiy fanlar” darslarida o‘zlashtirgan bilimingizni endi siz uchun yangi fan – biologiya orqali takomillashtirib borasiz. qo‘lingizda turgan darslik esa bunda sizga yordam beradi. biologiya tirik organizmlarning tuzilishi va hayotiy faoliyati, xilmaxilligi, tarixiy va individual rivojlanish qonuniyatlarini, shuningdek, insonning tirik tabiatga ta’sirini o‘rgana- di. mazkur darslik yordamida siz biologiya darslarida va mustaqil ravishda bakteriyalar, protoktistalar, zamburug‘lar va o‘simliklar, hayvonlarning tuzilishi …

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77 biologiyabiologiya toshkent – 2022 uo‘k 57(075.3) kbk 28.0ya72 b 70 uo‘k 57(075.3) kbk 28.0ya72 isbn 978-9943-8353-3-7 â© respublika tã¤lim merkezi, 2022 i. m. mustafayev – o‘zbekiston respublikasi fanlar akademiyasi botanika instituti katta ilmiy xodimi, biologiya fanlari nomzodi. m. sh. raximov – mirzo ulug‘bek nomidagi o‘zbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti zoologiya kafedrasi mudiri, biologiya fanlari doktori, professor. a. a. matkarimova – mirzo ulug‘bek nomidagi o‘zbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti botanika va o‘simliklar fiziologiyasi kafedrasi mudiri, qishloq xo‘jaligi fanlari nomzodi, dotsent. s. a. sodiqova – mirzo ulug‘bek nomidagi o‘zbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti zoologiya kafedrasi o‘qituvchisi...

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