biologiya 7-sinf_2-ch_uzb

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77 biologiyabiologiya toshkent â 2022 uoâk 57(075.3) kbk 28.0ya72 b 70 uoâk 57(075.3) kbk 28.0ya72 isbn 978-9943-8353-3-7 â© respublika tã¤lim merkezi, 2022 i. m. mustafayev â oâzbekiston respublikasi fanlar akademiyasi botanika instituti katta ilmiy xodimi, biologiya fanlari nomzodi. m. sh. raximov â mirzo ulugâbek nomidagi oâzbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti zoologiya kafedrasi mudiri, biologiya fanlari doktori, professor. a. a. matkarimova â mirzo ulugâbek nomidagi oâzbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti botanika va oâsimliklar fiziologiyasi kafedrasi mudiri, qishloq xoâjaligi fanlari nomzodi, dotsent. s. a. sodiqova â mirzo ulugâbek nomidagi oâzbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti zoologiya kafedrasi oâqituvchisi, biologiya fanlari nomzodi, dotsent. s. i. zayniyev â nizomiy nomidagi toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti tabiiy fanlar fakulteti biologiya va uni oâqitish metodikasi kafedrasi oâqituvchisi. m. a. xojimuratova â nizomiy nomidagi toshkent davlat pedagogika universiteti tabiiy fanlar fakulteti zoologiya va anatomiya kafedrasi oâqituvchisi. x. s. nurmetov â toshkent viloyati chirchiq davlat pedagogika instituti genetika va evolyutsion …

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ng xilmaxilligi............................................................................................................9 1.3 bakteriyalar. protoktistalar. zamburugâlar.........................................................................................12 1.4 oâsimliklarning xilmaxilligi. sporali oâsimliklar................................................................................16 1.5 urugâli oâsimliklar..........................................................................................................................................18 1.6 umurtqasiz hayvonlarning xilmaxilligi................................................................................................22 1.7 umurtqali hayvonlarning xilmaxilligi. baliqlar, amfibiyalar va reptiliyalar.........................26 1.8 qushlar va sutemizuvchilar.......................................................................................................................30 1.9 amaliy mashgâulot. oâsimlik va hayvonot dunyosi sistematik guruhlarini oârganish............................................................................................................................................................35 ii bob. tiriklikning molekula va hujayra darajasi 2.1 hujayra â tirik organizmlarning tuzilish birligi ...............................................................................37 2.2 toâqimalar.........................................................................................................................................................40 2.3 laboratoriya mashgâuloti: 1. kattalashtirib koârsatuvchi asboblar.................................................................................................45 2. oâsimlik toâqimasidan vaqtinchalik preparat tayyorlash.........................................................46 iii bob. organ va organlar sistemasi 3.1 gulli oâsimliklarning vegetativ organlari. ildiz ..................................

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...............................................48 3.2 novda..................................................................................................................................................................51 3.3 amaliy mashgâulot. vegetativ organlar metamorfozini oârganish.............................................54 3.4 oâsimliklarning generativ organlari. gul..............................................................................................56 3.5 meva....................................................................................................................................................................59 3.6 odam va hayvonlarning organlari va organlar sistemasi.............................................................62 iv bob. koordinatsiya va oâz-oâzini boshqarish 4.1 tirik organizmlarning oâz-oâzini boshqarishi....................................................................................67 4.2 amaliy mashgâulot. reflektor yoyini modellashtirish....................................................................70 4.3 nerv sistemasi.................................................................................................................................................72 4.4 laboratoriya mashgâuloti. yomgâir chuvalchangining refleksini kuzatish.............................74 v bob. oziqlanish 5.1 organizmlarning oziqlanishi.....................................................................................................................77 5.2 loyiha ishi. mineral oâgâitlarning oâsimlik rivojiga taâsirini oârganish......................................81 5.3 laboratoriya mashgâuloti. bargda organik moddalarning hosil boâlishi................................82 5.4 hayvonlarning oziqlanishi ........................................................................................................................83 5.5 odamning ovqat hazm qilish sistemasi .........................

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......................................................................87 5.6 amaliy mashgâulot. ovqat hazm qilish sistemasini modellashtirish.......................................90 vi bob. nafas olish 6.1 nafas olishning mohiyati. oâsimliklarning nafas olishi..................................................................93 6.2 odam va hayvonlarning nafas olishi......................................................................................................96 4 6.3 laboratoriya mashgâuloti. oâsimliklarning nafas olishini oârganish.........................................99 6.4 amaliy mashgâulot. fotosintez va nafas olish jarayonlarini taqqoslash ............................. 100 vii bob. tirik organizmlarda moddalar transporti 7.1 oâsimliklarda moddalar transporti .................................................................................................... 102 7.2 laboratoriya mashgâuloti. oâsimliklarda moddalar transportini oârganish....................... 105 7.3 laboratoriya mashgâuloti. barglarning suv bugâlatishini oârganish...................................... 106 7.4 umurtqasizlarning qon aylanish sistemasi..................................................................................... 107 7.5 amaliy mashgâulot. umurtqasizlarning qon aylanish sistemasini modellashtirish va taqqoslash................................................................................................................................................ 110 7.6 umurtqalilarning qon aylanish sistemasi........................................................................................ 111 7.7 amaliy mashgâulot. umurtqalilarning qon aylanish sistemasini modellashtirish va taqqoslash................................................................................................................................................ 113 viii bob. ayirish (ekskretsiya) 8.1 ayirish .................................................................

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............................................................................................ 115 8.2 odam va hayvonlarning ayirishi........................................................................................................... 117 8.3 amaliy mashgâulot. odamning ayirish organlarini modellashtirish..................................... 120 ix bob. harakatlanish 9.1 tirik organizmlarning harakatlanishi ............................................................................................... 122 9.2 loyiha ishi. oâsimliklarda fototropizm, fotonastiya, geotropizm hodisalarini kuzatish................................................................................................................................. 125 9.3 umurtqasizlarning harakatlanish organlari.................................................................................... 128 9.4 laboratoriya mashgâuloti. tufelka infuzoriyasining harakatlanishini kuzatish.............. 131 9.5 umurtqalilarning tayanch-harakat organlari................................................................................. 132 9.6 amaliy mashgâulot. umurtqali hayvonlarning tayanch-harakat sistemasini modellashtirish............................................................................................................................................. 137 x bob. reproduksiya, oâsish va rivojlanish 10.1 organizmlarning koâpayishi................................................................................................................... 139 10.2 loyiha ishi. oâsimliklarning vegetativ koâpayishini oârganish................................................. 143 10.3 oâsimliklarning individual rivojlanishi.............................................................................................. 145 10.4 amaliy mashgâulot. urugâli oâsimliklarning hayot siklini oârganish...................................... 149 10.5 hayvonlarning koâpayishi ..............................

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........................................................................................ 150 10.6 hayvonlarning individual rivojlanishi............................................................................................... 154 10.7 amaliy mashgâulot. hayvonlarning toâgâri va notoâgâri rivojlanishini qiyosiy tahlil asosida oârganish............................................................................................................. 157 xi bob. tur, populyatsiya, ekosistema, biosfera 11.1 tur, populyatsiya ........................................................................................................................................ 161 11.2 amaliy mashgâulot. tirik organizmlarning tashqi muhitga moslashishini oârganish... 164 11.3 ekosistemalar. biosfera ........................................................................................................................... 165 11.4 amaliy mashgâulot. oziq zanjiri va oziq toâri tuzish ................................................................... 169 5 k i r i s h aziz oâquvchi! siz 1â6-sinflarda oâqish mobaynida âtabiiy fanlarâ darslarida tabiat haqidagi koâplab tushuncha va atama, qonuniyatlar bilan tanishdingiz. bu yil siz yangi fan â biologiyani oârganishni boshlaysiz. âtabiiy fanlarâ darslarida oâzlashtirgan bilimingizni endi siz uchun yangi fan â biologiya orqali takomillashtirib borasiz. qoâlingizda turgan darslik esa bunda sizga yordam beradi. biologiya tirik organizmlarning tuzilishi va hayotiy faoliyati, xilmaxilligi, tarixiy va individual rivojlanish qonuniyatlarini, shuningdek, insonning tirik tabiatga taâsirini oârgana- di. mazkur darslik yordamida siz biologiya darslarida va mustaqil ravishda bakteriyalar, protoktistalar, zamburugâlar va oâsimliklar, hayvonlarning tuzilishi …

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77 biologiyabiologiya toshkent â 2022 uoâk 57(075.3) kbk 28.0ya72 b 70 uoâk 57(075.3) kbk 28.0ya72 isbn 978-9943-8353-3-7 â© respublika tã¤lim merkezi, 2022 i. m. mustafayev â oâzbekiston respublikasi fanlar akademiyasi botanika instituti katta ilmiy xodimi, biologiya fanlari nomzodi. m. sh. raximov â mirzo ulugâbek nomidagi oâzbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti zoologiya kafedrasi mudiri, biologiya fanlari doktori, professor. a. a. matkarimova â mirzo ulugâbek nomidagi oâzbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti botanika va oâsimliklar fiziologiyasi kafedrasi mudiri, qishloq xoâjaligi fanlari nomzodi, dotsent. s. a. sodiqova â mirzo ulugâbek nomidagi oâzbekiston milliy universiteti biologiya fakulteti zoologiya kafedrasi oâqituvchisi...

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