8-sinf jahon tarixi 3-chorak

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umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktablarining 8-sinfi uchun darslik o‘zbekiston respublikasi maktabgacha va maktab ta’limi vazirligi nashrga tavsiya etgan toshkent – 2024 yangi nashr jahon tarixi 8• rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm …

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oltin o‘rda xonligi siz bilib olasiz: • oltin oʻrda davlatining tashkil topishi, davlat bosh qaruv tizimi; • tashqi siyosat, rus knyazliklari va amir temur bilan munosabatlari; • mamlakatda ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy hayot, soliq va majbu riyatlar; • oltin oʻrdaning yuksalishi hamda inqirozga uchrashi. 77 78 • rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm …

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dudlarini o‘z ichiga olgan oltin o‘rda davlatiga asos soladi. rus knyazlari oltin o‘rdaga qaram bo‘lib, soliq to‘lab turadilar. bu mamlakat rus manbalarida oltin o‘rda, sharq manbalarida esa jo‘ji ulusi deb atalgan. 79 • rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm …

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a mas’ul bo‘lgan. oltin oʻrdaning hukmron qatlami asosan moʻgʻullardan, qis- man qipchoqlardan iborat boʻlsa-da, eron va arab davlatlaridan kelgan bilimli kishilar ham maʼmuriy lavozimlarda ishlaganlar. viloyat va shaharlarga hokim qilib dorugʻalar yuborilgan. bo‘ysundirilgan hududlarda mo‘g‘ullar dastlab o‘zlarining an’anaviy boshqaruv tizimini joriy etganlar. egallangan hudud lar botuning ukalariga berilib, ularning suyurg‘ol mulkiga aylangan. suyurg‘ol egalari xon qo‘shiniga ma’lum miqdordagi jangchilarni jo‘natishdan tashqari, unga aholidan to‘plangan soliqlarning bir qismini ham yuborgan. oltin o‘rda qo‘shinini beklarbegi boshqargan. qo‘shin bir nechta qismlarga bo‘linib, unga tumanbegi, no‘yon, yuzboshi lar qo‘mondonlik qilganlar. qo‘shinning asosiy kuchi “yurishda yengil, zarbada og‘ir” hisoblangan otliqlar edi. mamlakatning harbiy qudrati oʻzbekxon davrida eng yuqori choʻqqisiga chiqdi, uning qoʻshini 300 ming jangchidan oshgan. xiv asr oxirida o‘rda armiyasi hatto o‘z artilleriyasiga ega bo‘lishni boshlagan. oltin o‘rda davlatining oltin pullari va zargarlik buyumlari 80 • rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm …

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xalqlar tashkil etgan. quyi volga hududidagi aholi vakillari ko‘chman- chi hayot tarziga yaqin bo‘lib, bu yerda o‘troq va ko‘chmanchi xo‘jalik qorishib ketishi oson kechdi. mamlakatning tayanchini tashkil etgan moʻgʻullar va turklar asta-sekin oʻtroq turmush tarziga oʻtdilar. ko‘chmanchi mo‘g‘ullarning o‘ziga xos rivojlangan madaniyati bo‘lmagani bois, ular bosib olingan xalqlarning sivilizatsiya yutuqlarini o‘zlashtirib, asta-sekin mahalliy aholi bilan aralashib ketdilar. oltin o‘rdada sha- harsozlik madaniyatiga ham e’tibor berilgan. mamlakatda shaharlar iqtisodiy va madaniy ha- yot markazlariga aylanib, saroy botu va saroy berka dunyoning eng katta shaharlari qatorida bo‘lgan. oltin o‘rdaning dastlabki poytaxti sa- roy botu shahri bo‘lib, u volga daryosining quyi tarix yondaftar changizga kiriting! suyurg‘ol (mo‘g‘ulcha – in’om, sovg‘a) – oliy hukmdor tomo nidan harbiy yurishlar va tinch vaqtlarda davlat oldidagi muhim xizmatlari uchun mansabdor va qo‘shin qo‘mondonlariga sovg‘a tariqasida in’om etilgan yer-suv hamda mol-mulk. mo‘g‘ullar istilosidan so‘ng suyurg‘ol tartibi movarounnahr, dashti qipchoq hamda yaqin sharq mintaqalari da keng tarqalgan. suyurg‘olga berilgan …

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umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktablarining 8-sinfi uchun darslik o‘zbekiston respublikasi maktabgacha va maktab ta’limi vazirligi nashrga tavsiya etgan toshkent – 2024 yangi nashr jahon tarixi 8• rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm rtm …

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