abdusamatov kimyo

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a. abdusamatov, r. mirzayev, r.ziyayev o r s a j j j : _ k i m y o akademik litsey va kasb-hunar kollejlari uchun so‘zboshi................................................................................................3 k irish .............. ...................................................................................... 4 «organik kimyo» fanining rivojlanish tarixidan.................................5 i bob. organik birikmalar.................................................................... 8 organik birikmalaming o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari........................ 8 organik birikmalaming kimyoviy tuzilish nazariyasi.............. 10 izomeriya...................................................................................... 12 organik birikmalarda kimyoviy bog‘lanishning elektron tabiati............................................................................................ 13 organik birikmalarga xos bo‘lgan reaksiya turlari....................... 18 organik birikmalaming sinflari.................................................. 20 savol va mashqlar.........................................................................23 ii bob. uglevodorodlar......................................................................... 24 alkanlar........................................................................................ 24 laboratoriya ishlari...................................................................... 33 savol va mashqlar.........................................................................34 iii bob. sikloalkanlar.......................................................................... 35 savol va mashqlar.........................................................................38 iv bob. alkenlar......................................................................................38 laboratoriya ishi...........................................................................43 savol va mashqlar............................................

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.............................44 v.bob. alkadiyenlar (diyen uglevodorodlar).......................................44 laboratoriya ishlari.......................................................................48 savol va mashqlar ......................................................................... 48 vi bob. alkinlar (asetilen uglevodorodlar).......................................48 laboratoriya ishi........................................................................... 52 savol va mashqlar...................... ..................................................53 vii bob. arenlar (aromatik uglevodorodlar).................................... 53 ko‘p halqali aromatik uglevodorodlar.......................................63 laboratoriya ishlari.......................................................................64 savol va mashqlar.........................................................................65 m u n d a r i j a 236 viii bob. organik moddalarning asosiy manbalari............................66 ix.bob. kislorodli organik birikmalar............................................... 70 spirtlar......................................................................................... 70 ikki atomli spirtlar...................................................................... 77 uch atomli spirtlar..................................................................... 78 fenollar........................................................................................ 80 laboratoriya ishlari.......................................................................85 savol va mashqlar......................................................................... 86 x.bob. oddiy efirlar.............................................................................. 86 xi bob. aldegid va ketonlar (oksobirikmalar)................................90 to'yingan aldegid va ketonlar...................................................... 90 laboratoriya ishlari........................

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.............................................. 101 savol va mashqlar......................................................................... 102 xii bob. karbon kislotalar................................................................... 102 to'yingan monokarbon kislotalar......................... .................... 102 monokarbon kislotalaming angidridlari va galogen angidridlari.................................................................................... 110 oksikarbon kislotalar..............................................................111 optik izomeriya............................................................................ 114 to'yingan dikarbon kislota......................................................... 117 aromatik kislotalar........................................................................ 119 to‘yinmagan kislotalar................................................................ 122 laboratoriya ishlari....................................................................... 125 savol va mashqlar......................................................................... 125 xiii bob. murakkab efirlar. yog‘la r ................................................... 126 murakkab efirlar........................................................................... 126 yog‘la r ........................................................................................... 134 laboratoriya ishlari....................................................................... 137 savol va mashqlar......................................................................... 138 xiv bob. uglevodlar............................................................................. 139 uglevodlar klassifikatsiyasi.......................................................... 139 monosaxaridlar............................................................................ 139 polisaxaridlar................................................................................ 154 labo

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ratoriya ishlari....................................................................... 159 savol va mashqlar......................................................................... 160 xv.bob. azotli organik birikmalar.......................................................161 aminlar.......................................................................................... 161 diam inlar..................................................................................... 167 237 aromatik am inlar......................................................................... 168 kislota amidlari............................................................................ 173 laboratoriya ishlari...................................................................... 176 savol va mashqlar......................................................................... 177 xvi bob. aminokislotalar. peptid va oqsil moddalar...................... 178 aminokislotalar............................................................................ 178 peptid va oqsil moddalar.............................................................. 185 laboratoriya ishlari...................................................................... 188 savol va mashqlar......................................................................... 189 xvii bob. geterosiklik birikmalar.......................................................190 alkaloidlar..................................................................................... 198 nuklein kislotalar......................................................................... 200 xviii bob. element - organik birikmalar.......................................... 210 metall - organik birikmalar........................................................ 210 kremniyli organik birikmalar.....................................................213 fosfor va mishyakli organik birikmalar..................................... 215 savol va mashqlar..................................

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.......................................217 xix.bob. tabiiy va sintetik yuqori molekular birikmalar..................218 yuqori molekular birikmalar haqida tushuncha....................... 218 polimerlarning olinishi va tuzilishi............................................ 219 ymb lar plastmassa sifatida......................................................... 222 ymb lar tolalar sifatida..............................................................223 ymb lar kauchuk sifatida............................................................ 228 savol va mashqlar.........................................................................234 kirish organik m oddalar kishilarga qadim dan m a’lum, ular orga- nik bo ‘yoqlarni (alizarin, purpur, indigo), uzum sharbatini bijg‘itib sirka hosil qilishni, o ‘sim liklardan shakar ham da moy olishni, yog‘larni ishqorlar bilan qaynatib sovun hosil qilishni bilganlar va bu m oddalardan foydalanganlar. a jnmo uzoq vaqtgacha organik moddalar aralashma holida ishlatilib kelingan. ix asrga kelib arab alkimyogarlari sirkadan sirka kislotani, musallas ichim ligidan etil spirtni sof holda ajratib olishga muyassar b o ‘ldilar. xvi asrda etil spirtiga sulfat kislota bilan ishlov berish natijasida etil efir olindi. xviii asrning oxiri xix asrning boshlariga kelib organik m oddalarni sof holda olish va ularni o ‘rganish ancha rivojlandi va «organik kimyo» degan nom o ‘simlik …

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О "abdusamatov kimyo"

a. abdusamatov, r. mirzayev, r.ziyayev o r s a j j j : _ k i m y o akademik litsey va kasb-hunar kollejlari uchun so‘zboshi................................................................................................3 k irish .............. ...................................................................................... 4 «organik kimyo» fanining rivojlanish tarixidan.................................5 i bob. organik birikmalar.................................................................... 8 organik birikmalaming o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari........................ 8 organik birikmalaming kimyoviy tuzilish nazariyasi.............. 10 izomeriya...................................................................................... 12 organik birikmalarda kimyoviy bog‘lanishning elekt...

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