a-course-in-phonetics

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the international phonetic alphabet (revised to 2005) consonants (pulmonic) © 2005 ipa bilabial labiodental dental alveolar post alveolar retroflex palatal velar uvular pharyngeal glottal plosive p b t d † ∂ c ô k g q g / nasal m m n = ≠ n – trill ı r r tap or flap | « fricative f b f v t d s z s z ß ω c j x v x ‰ © ? h h lateral fricative ò l approximant √ ® ’ j â lateral approximant l  ¥ ˚ where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. consonants (non-pulmonic) clicks voiced implosives ejectives > bilabial ∫ bilabial ' examples: ñ dental î dental/alveolar p' bilabial ]. in the production of click sounds, there is a velar closure, and the body of air involved …

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y associated with the velar closure. we transcribed the voiced click with a [ g ] plus the click 31269_06_ch06_pp135-162 pp2.indd 14531269_06_ch06_pp135-162 pp2.indd 145 11/5/09 7:00:21 pm11/5/09 7:00:21 pm copyright 2010 cengage learning, inc. all rights reserved. may not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 146 chapter 6 airstream mechanisms and phonation types symbol, and the nasalized click with [ n ] plus the click symbol. we should also transcribe the voiceless click with [ k ] plus the click symbol. it is perhaps not necessary for a beginning student in phonetics to be able to produce all sorts of different clicks in regular words. but you should be able to produce at least a simple click followed by a vowel. try saying [ k˘ ] followed by [ a ]. make a vowel as soon after the click as possible, so that it sounds like …

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to be either voiceless, with the vocal folds apart, or voiced, with the folds nearly together so that they will vibrate when air passes between them. but in fact, the glottis (which is defined as the space between the vocal folds) can assume a number of other shapes. some of these glottal states are important in the description of other languages, and in the description of pathological voices. photographs of four states of the glottis are shown in figure 6.6. these pho- tographs were taken by placing a small mirror at the back of the mouth so that it was possible to look straight down the pharynx toward the larynx. the top of the picture is toward the front of the neck, the lower part toward the back. the vocal folds are the white bands running vertically in each picture. their position can be adjusted by the movements of the …

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in a very similar position. in these circumstances, they will produce breathy voice, vibrating loosely, so they appear to be simply flapping in the airstream. the third photograph shows another kind of breathy voice. in this sound, the vocal folds are apart between the arytenoid cartilages in the lower (posterior) part of the photograph. they can still vibrate, but at the same time, a great deal of air passes out through the glottis. murmured sounds occur in english in the pronunciation of / h / in between vowels as in ahead and behind. in most of the speakers of english we have been able to observe, the / h / in these words is made with the vocal folds slightly apart along their entire length, but still continuing to vibrate as if they were waving in the breeze. the term “voiced h” is sometimes used for this sound, but it …

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will be discussed more fully in the next section. but we can note here that in murmured stops, the murmur occurs only during the release of the stop. there must be a comparatively high rate of flow of air out of the lungs to produce murmur, and this cannot happen during the stop closure. it is fairly easy to produce the required flow rate for murmur during a vowel. some languages contrast plain and murmured vowels. table 6.5 shows a set of words in gujarati, another language spoken in india. murmured sounds are in- dicated by placing two dots below the symbol. in gujarati, the contrast between 31269_06_ch06_pp135-162 pp2.indd 14931269_06_ch06_pp135-162 pp2.indd 149 11/5/09 7:00:22 pm11/5/09 7:00:22 pm copyright 2010 cengage learning, inc. all rights reserved. may not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. 150 chapter 6 airstream mechanisms and phonation types murmured or breathy voiced sounds …

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the international phonetic alphabet (revised to 2005) consonants (pulmonic) © 2005 ipa bilabial labiodental dental alveolar post alveolar retroflex palatal velar uvular pharyngeal glottal plosive p b t d † ∂ c ô k g q g / nasal m m n = ≠ n – trill ı r r tap or flap | « fricative f b f v t d s z s z ß ω c j x v x ‰ © ? h h lateral fricative ò l approximant √ ® ’ j â lateral approximant l  ¥ ˚ where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. consonants (non-pulmonic) clicks voiced implosives ejectives …

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