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Sahifalar 25

Yangilangan May 2026

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mirjalol boymurodov │husniddin ergashev 3 mundarija kimyo uchun matematika 0.1-§. butun sonlar ustida amallar…………………………………………………………………………………...6 0.2-§. oddiy kasrlar.......................................................................................................................7 0.3-§. o‘nli kasrlar.........................................................................................................................9 0.4-§. ishoralar qoidasi va ustuvorligi……………………………………………………………………………….10 0.5-§. daraja va uning xossalari....................................................................................................11 0.6-§. sonning standart shakli......................................................................................................13 0.7-§. sonlarni taqqoslash.............................................................................................................14 0.8-§. sonlarni yaxlitlash..............................................................................................................15 0.9-§. nisbat va proporsiya...........................................................................................................16 0.10-§. chiziqli tenglamalar.........................................................................................................19 0.11-§. lldiz..................................................................................................................................23 0.12-§. kvadrat tenglama............................................................................................................23 0.13-§. foiz..................................................................................................................................25 0.14-§. fizik kattaliklar………………………………………………………………………………………………….26 i bo‘lim. umumiy kimyo i bob. kimyoning dastlabki tushuncha va qonunlari.....................................................29 1-§. jism va modda. kimyo fani nima?......................

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...................................................................29 2-§. moddaning tarkibi. atom......................................................................................................30 3-§. kimyoviy element………………………………………………………….…………………………………........32 4-§. atomlarning o‘lchami va massasi...........................................................................................33 5-§. ionlar. izozarrachalar............................................................................................................34 6-§. kimyoviy formula..................................................................................................................36 7-§. molekular massa va molekula tarkibidagi e, p, n sonini aniqlash….........................................37 8-§. birikmadagi elementlarning miqdoriy va massa nisbati. massa ulush….................................38 9-§. valentlik................................................................................................................................41 10-§. oddiy va murakkab moddalar.............................................................................................43 11-§. moddaning agregat holatlari................................................................................................45 12-§. sof modda va aralashmalar………………………………………………………….………………………....46 13-§. moddaning xossalari. hodisalar...........................................................................................46 14-§. modda miqdori. molyar massa. modda tarkibidagi zarrachalar sonini aniqlash…................49 15-§. massaning saqlanish qonuni. kimyoviy reaksiya..................................................................53 16-§. stexiometriya. cheklovchi reagent. reaksiya unumi............................................................55 ii bob. anorganik birikmalarning eng muhim sinflari………………………………….………59 17-§. oksidlar...........................................................................

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....................................................59 18-§. asoslar…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....62 19-§. kislotalar……………………………………………………………………………………………………….......65 mirjalol boymurodov │husniddin ergashev 4 20-§. tuzlar..................................................................................................................................69 iii bob. gaz qonunlari……………………….……………………..………………………………..74 21-§. molyar hajm. ideal va real gazlar………………………………………………………………………........74 22-§. avogadro va hajmiy nisbatlar qonuni..................................................................................75 23-§. gazlarning zichligi. ulushlar……………………………………………………………..…………………....77 24-§. gazlar aralashmasining molyar massasi va zichligi..............................................................80 25-§. mendeleyev-klapeyron tenglamasi......................................................................................83 iv bob. eritma……………………………………………………………..………………………….85 26-§. ekvivalent qonuni...............................................................................................................85 27-§. eritma. eruvchanlik............................................................................................................87 28-§. eritma konsentratsiyalari....................................................................................................90 v bob. davriy qonun. kimyoviy bog‘lanish…………………………………………….............99 29-§. davriy qonun. davriy sistema.............................................................................................99 30-§. elektron konfiguratsiya. kvant sonlar...............................................................................101 31-§. atomlarning davriy xossalari……………………………………………………………………………......108 32-§. kimyoviy bog‘lanish..........................................................................................................111 33-§. gibridlanish..................................

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.....................................................................................117 vi bob. oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalari...............................................................120 34-§. oksidlanish darajasi...........................................................................................................120 35-§. oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalari...................................................................................122 36-§. oksidlanish-qaytarilish reaksiyalarini tenglashtirish……….……………………………………......125 vii bob. elektrolitik dissotsiatsiyalanish....................................................................128 37-§. elektrolitik dissotsiatsiyalanish………………………………………………………………………….....128 38-§. ion almashinish reaksiyalari………………………………….……………………………………………....132 viii bob. kimyoviy kinetika........................................................................................135 39-§. reaksiya tezligi…………………………………………………….………………………………………….....135 40-§. kimyoviy muvozanat…………………………………………….………………………………………….....143 ix bob. elektroliz.......................................................................................................148 41-§. elektroliz………………………………………………………………………………………………………......148 42-§. elektroliz qonunlari...........................................................................................................152 ii bo‘lim. organik kimyo x bob. to‘yingan uglevodorodlar...............................................................................155 43-§. organik kimyoga kirish…………………….……………………………………………………………….....155 44-§. alkanlar.............................................................................................................................156 45-§. sikloalkanlar…………………………………….………………………………………………………………...162 mirjalol boymurodov │husniddin ergashev 5 xi bob. to‘yinmagan uglevodorodlar.........................................................................166 46-§. alkenlar...................

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..........................................................................................................166 47-§. alkadienlar........................................................................................................................169 48-§. alkinlar………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....173 49-§. aromatik uglevodorodlar……………………………………………………………………………………...176 xii bob. kislorodli organik birikmalar…………………………………………………………..180 50-§. spirtlar..............................................................................................................................180 51-§. fenollar.............................................................................................................................185 52-§. oddiy efirlar……………………………………………………………………………………………………....189 53-§. aldegidlar..........................................................................................................................190 54-§. ketonlar…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....191 55-§. karbon kislotalar………………………………………………….………………………………………….....193 56-§. murakkab efirlar................................................................................................................196 xiii bob. azotli organik birikmalar…………………………………….………………….……..197 57-§. nitrobirikmalar..................................................................................................................197 58-§. aminlar.............................................................................................................................198 javoblar……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….199 mirjalol boymurodov │husniddin ergashev 6 kimyo uchun matematika 0.1-§. butun sonlar ustida amallar butun sonlarni qo‘shish 1. hisoblang. 1) 7 + 9 =? 2) 4 + 8 =? 3) 2 + 7 =? 4) 0 + 9 =? 2. hisoblang. 1) 10 + 6 =? 2) 14 + 7 =? 3) 19 + 9 =? 4) 98 + 6 =? 3. hisoblang. 1) 19 + 22 =? 2) 54 + 77 =? 3) 92 + 87 =? 4) 66 + 55 =? 4. hisoblang. 1) 111 + 9 =? 2) 469 + 58 =? 3) 353 + 88 =? 4) 9

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mirjalol boymurodov │husniddin ergashev 3 mundarija kimyo uchun matematika 0.1-§. butun sonlar ustida amallar…………………………………………………………………………………...6 0.2-§. oddiy kasrlar.......................................................................................................................7 0.3-§. o‘nli kasrlar.........................................................................................................................9 0.4-§. ishoralar qoidasi va ustuvorligi……………………………………………………………………………….10 0.5-§. daraja va uning xossalari....................................................................................................11 0.6-§. sonning standart shakli......................................................................................................13 0.7-§. sonlarni taqqoslash.....

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