relative clauses (who, which, that)

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🧩 1. conditionals (0–2 type) — shart gaplar type structure meaning example translation zero conditional if + present, present har doim rost holatlar if you heat water, it boils. agar suvni isitilsa, u qaynaydi. first conditional if + present, will + v kelajakdagi ehtimol if it rains, i will stay home. agar yomg‘ir yog‘sa, uyda qolaman. second conditional if + past, would + v hozirgi nereal holat if i were rich, i would travel. agar boy bo‘lganimda, sayohat qilardim. ⚙️ 2. modals — modal fe’llar modal meaning example uzbek must majburiyat you must study. sen o‘qishing kerak. have to tashqi majburiyat i have to go to work. ishga borishim kerak. should maslahat you should sleep early. erta uxlashing kerak. may / might ehtimol it may rain tomorrow. ertaga yomg‘ir yog‘ishi mumkin. could imkoniyat / ruxsat we could go out later. biz keyinroq chiqishimiz mumkin. 🧱 3. passive voice (simple forms) …

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zbek much / little sanalmaydigan much water, little time ko‘p suv, oz vaqt many / few sanaladigan many books, few cars ko‘p kitoblar, oz mashinalar some / any ijobiy / inkor some apples, any money bir nechta olma, biror pul both ikkalasi ham both students are clever ikkala talaba ham aqlli either / neither biri / hech biri either this or that; neither is good bu yoki u; hech biri yaxshi emas 📍 8. prepositions of time & place — vaqt va joy ko‘rsatkichlari type example uzbek in in 2025, in the morning 2025-yilda, ertalab on on monday, on the table dushanba kuni, stol ustida at at 7 o’clock, at home soat 7da, uyda 🆚 9. comparatives & superlatives — taqqoslov va orttirma daraja type example uzbek comparative my house is bigger than yours. mening uyim siznikidan kattaroq. superlative she is the tallest girl in the class. u sinfdagi eng …

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mixed if + past perfect, would + v past sabab hozirgi natija if i had gone to bed early, i would feel better now. agar erta yotganimda, hozir o‘zimni yaxshi his qilardim. 🕵️ 3. modals of deduction (past) — taxmin modallari modal meaning example uzbek must have + v3 kuchli ishonch she must have lost her keys. u kalitlarini yo‘qotgan bo‘lishi kerak. might have + v3 ehtimol he might have forgotten the meeting. u uchrashuvni unutgan bo‘lishi mumkin. can’t have + v3 imkonsiz / ishonchsizlik they can’t have gone already! ular allaqachon ketgan bo‘lishi mumkin emas! 🧱 4. advanced passive voice (all tenses) — majhul nisbatning barcha zamonlari tense example uzbek present simple the work is done every day. ish har kuni qilinadi. past simple the car was repaired yesterday. mashina kecha ta’mirlandi. present perfect the film has been watched by millions. film millionlab odamlar tomonidan ko‘rilgan. future perfect the …

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may, suzdilar. however biroq i studied a lot. however, i failed. ko‘p o‘qidim. biroq yiqildim. whereas taqqoslash she loves coffee, whereas i prefer tea. u qahvani yoqtiradi, men esa choyni. 🧩 8. noun phrases & compound nouns — otli birikmalar noun phrase: sifat + ot · a beautiful old house 🏠 → chiroyli eski uy · a fast electric train 🚄 → tez elektr poyezd compound nouns: ikki ot birikmasi · toothbrush (tish cho‘tkasi) · credit card (kredit karta) · bus stop (avtobus bekati) ⚓ 9. relative clauses with prepositions — predlogli nisbiy gaplar structure example uzbek with whom, which the man with whom i spoke is a doctor. gaplashgan odamim shifokor. to which, for which the reason for which i came is important. kelgan sababim muhim. 🔄 10. inversion for emphasis — urg‘u uchun so‘z tartibini o‘zgartirish ➡️ “not only”, “never”, “hardly”, “rarely”, “seldom” bilan ishlatiladi. (fe’l yordamchi oldinga …

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continuous am/is/are being + v3 the room is being cleaned now. xona hozir tozalanmoqda. past continuous was/were being + v3 the car was being repaired when i came. men kelganimda mashina ta’mirlanayotgan edi. present perfect has/have been + v3 the song has been sung already. qo‘shiq allaqachon kuylangan. past perfect had been + v3 the report had been finished before the meeting. hisobot yig‘ilishdan oldin tugatilgan edi. future perfect will have been + v3 the work will have been done by tomorrow. ish ertagacha bajarilgan bo‘ladi. 🔹 3. passive voice bilan qo‘llaniladigan by-phrase agar kim bajarganini aytmoqchi bo‘lsak, “by” ishlatiladi 👇 · the book was written by shakespeare. — kitob shekspir tomonidan yozilgan. ammo agar kim bajarishi aniq yoki muhim emas bo‘lsa, “by” qismi tashlab ketiladi: · my car was stolen. 🚗 — mashinam o‘g‘irlangan (kimligi noma’lum). 🔹 4. verbal passive ba’zi fe’llar passiv shaklda infinitive yoki gerund bilan birga …

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🧩 1. conditionals (0–2 type) — shart gaplar type structure meaning example translation zero conditional if + present, present har doim rost holatlar if you heat water, it boils. agar suvni isitilsa, u qaynaydi. first conditional if + present, will + v kelajakdagi ehtimol if it rains, i will stay home. agar yomg‘ir yog‘sa, uyda qolaman. second conditional if + past, would + v hozirgi nereal holat if i were rich, i would travel. agar boy bo‘lganimda, sayohat qilardim. ⚙️ 2. modals — modal fe’llar modal meaning example uzbek must majburiyat you must study. sen o‘qishing kerak. have to tashqi majburiyat i have to go to work. ishga borishim kerak. should maslahat you should sleep early. erta uxlashing kerak. may …

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