kimyo farmatsevtika korxonalarida kimyoviy faktorlarining gigiyenik tavsifi

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1522393578_70472.doc kimyo farmatsevtika korxonalarida kimyoviy faktorlarining gigiyenik tavsifi reja: 1.atmosfera havosi. 2.kimyoviy ishlab chiqarish zararlarining umumiy gigienik tavsifi 3.kimyoviy factor ta’sirini oldini olish chora tadbirlari atmosfera havosi troposferadagi atmosfera havosining tabiiy tarkibi nisbiy doimiyligi bila xarakterlanadi: 78,08 foizini azot, 20,95 foizini kislorod, 0,03 foizini uglerod oksid gazi, 1 foizdan biroz ortig’ini inert gazlar tashkil qiladi. ammo insonning jadal xo’jalik faoliyati atmosfera kimyoviy tarkibini keskin o’zgartirib yubordi, shuning uchun yerda ifloslanmagan havoli hududlar deyarli qolmagan. shunga qaramay, havoning fiziologik va gigienik ahamiyati birinchi navbatda uning kimyoviy tarkibi bilan bog’liq. kislorod juda katta fiziologik ahamiyatga ega, chunki usiz organizmda oksidlanish-qaytarilish jarayonlari bormaydi. organizm tinchik holatida bir daqiqada 350 ml kislorod sarflaydi, jismoniy ishda esa bu ko’rsatkich 5000 ml gacha oshadi. odam organizmida kislorod zaxirasi deyarli bo’lmaydi. qonesa kislorodning partsial bosimi 160 mm simob ustuniga teng bo’lganda kislorod bilan yetarlicha to’yinadi, organizm evolyutsiya jarayonida shu bosimga moslashgandir. kislorodning bunday partsial bosimi normal atmosfera …

sa organizmga zaharli ta’sir ko’rsata boshlaydi. uglerod oksidi gazi nafas olishda ajralib chiqadi, ya’ni aksariyat biokimyoviy jarayonlarning oxirgi mahsuloti bo’lib, chirishda, yonilg’i yonganda, sanoat korxonalari ishida ajralib chiqadi, o’simlik organizmida fotosintez orqali so2 o’zlashtirilmaganida edi, atmosfera havosida so2 tez to’plangan bo’lardi. bu esa katta sanitar ahamiyatga ega. agar gap turarjoylar, jamoat binolari, kasalxona palatalari, ya’ni odamlar bo’ladigan xonalar haqida ketadigan bo’lsa, havoda so2 miqdorining ortishi ularning yetarlicha shamollatilmasligi bilan bog’liq. ushbu xonalar uchun havodagi so2 ning yo’l qo’yiladigan kontsentratsiyasi 0,1 foizga teng. bu miqdor biroz ortganda organizmga zaharli ta’sir kuzatilmaydi, ammo bu havo turli antropogen mahsulotlar bilan to’yinganidan dalolat beradi, shuning uchun so2ni turarjoy va jamoat binolari havosi tozaligining bilvosita ko’rsatkichi hisoblanadi. havoning asosiy qismini azot tashkil etadi. uning organizmlar hayot faoliyatidagi roli juda ulkandir, chunki azotning doimiy aylanishi sodir bo’ladiki, unda tirik organizmlar va o’simliklar har yili 360 mln. tonnagacha azotni o’zlashtiradi, 1 tonna neft yonganda esa 15 kg …

talgan bo’lib, shu bilan izohlanadiki, ozon qatlami odamlarning xo’jalik faoliyati natijasida buziladi, bunda atmosferaning yuqori qatlamlariga freonlar, azot oksidlari kabi moddalar tushib, ozon bilan bog’lanadi. geliy biologik inert gazlarga kiradi. u azotdan yengil bo’lib, kirishda va chiqishda kamroq qarshilikni hosil qiladi. hisoblanishicha, geliy, azot kabi, o’pka to’qimasini atelektazalardan himoya qiladi. geliydan sun’iy atmosferani hosil qilishda kislorod suyultiruvchisi sifatida foydalanish imkoniyatlari ham qaraladi. 5,2 kimyoviy ishlab chiqarish zararlarining umumiy gigienik tavsifi. ishlab chiqarish muhitining kimyoviy omillari juda ko’pdir, hozirgi kunda sanoatda 60 mingga yaqin turli-tuman kimyoviy moddalardan foydalaniladi. bular xom ashyo mahsulotlari, oraliq bosqiyachlarda qo’laniladigan yoki hosil bo’ladigan kimyoviy moddalar, shuningdek ishlab chiqarishning yakuniy mahsulotlari bo’lishi mumkin. sanoati rivojlangan mamlakatlar xalq xo’jaligida tuzilishi va fizik-kimyoviy xossalari bo’yicha bir-biridan farq qiladigan bir necha yuz minglab kimyoviy moddalardan foydalaniladi. bu anorganik, organik va elementorganik birikmalardir. anorganik birikmalardan metallar (simob, qo’rg’oshin, qalay, kadmiy, xrom, nikel, tsink, marganets, vanadiy, alyuminiy, berilliy va h.k.) va ularning …

3). although these materials are manufactured and distributed so that society can take advantage of their benefits, the accompanying processes result in the release of many such materials into the environment. these include a variety of prescription and over-the-counter drugs that are discharged into the environment as components of human and animal wastes. the complexity of the situation is exemplified by the fact that this last group contains antimicrobials, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and anticancer compounds. obviously, if these gain access in sufficient quantities to streams and rivers, they can represent a danger to fish and other aquatic life (service, 2002). as a result of these and other activities, humans and other species are exposed to a wide range of chemicals in the general environment, as well as in the home and in the workplace. in fact, trace quantities of toxic chemicals are present in our food, our air, and our drinking …

being studied, and assessing any associated synergistic or antagonistic effects. these voids are partially filled by another source of information, namely, an array of laboratory studies. traditionally, these types of studies have been performed using small animals. such studies and the interpretation of the resulting data will be discussed in the sections that follow. for years, laboratory toxicological studies followed a rather standard format. acute toxicity studies acute toxicity studies may require only hours to conduct and may involve only a single administration of the chemical being tested. if death is the endpoint being observed, the data are generally analyzed by beginning with a plot showing the relationship between the dose and the percentage of test animals that die. such a curve often exhibits the pattern shown in. the portion of the curve between “minimum” and point “b” represents the range of doses in which the most susceptible animals respond; …

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1522393578_70472.doc kimyo farmatsevtika korxonalarida kimyoviy faktorlarining gigiyenik tavsifi reja: 1.atmosfera havosi. 2.kimyoviy ishlab chiqarish zararlarining umumiy gigienik tavsifi 3.kimyoviy factor ta’sirini oldini olish chora tadbirlari atmosfera havosi troposferadagi atmosfera havosining tabiiy tarkibi nisbiy doimiyligi bila xarakterlanadi: 78,08 foizini azot, 20,95 foizini kislorod, 0,03 foizini uglerod oksid gazi, 1 foizdan biroz ortig’ini inert gazlar tashkil qiladi. ammo insonning jadal xo’jalik faoliyati atmosfera kimyoviy tarkibini keskin o’zgartirib yubordi, shuning uchun yerda ifloslanmagan havoli hududlar deyarli qolmagan. shunga qaramay, havoning fiziologik va gigienik ahamiyati birinchi navbatda uning kimyoviy tarkibi bilan bog’liq. kislorod juda katta fiziologik aham...

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