the manipulation school

powerpoint presentation translation schools fayzullayeva elnora plan: 1. the functionalist school 2. the linguistic school 3. the equivalence-oriented school the manipulation school unlike other schools focusing on linguistic fidelity, the manipulation school prioritizes the communicative impact of the translated text, accepting that semantic shifts and pragmatic adaptations—potentially affecting 10-15 key terms—are necessary for effective cross-cultural communication. the manipulation school, a prominent approach in translation studies, emphasizes the translator's active role in shaping the target text, often prioritizing communicative effectiveness over literal equivalence, sometimes resulting in up to 20% textual variation. the cultural school cultural translation often involves the ada...

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