classification of organic compounds and the atomic properties of carbon

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104 sahifa classification of organic compounds and the atomic properties of carbon — PPT

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powerpoint presentation 15-* chapter 15 classification of organic compounds and the atomic properties of carbon * 15-* figure 15.1 the position of carbon in the periodic table. * 15-* diversity and reactivity of organic molecules many organic compounds contain heteroatoms, atoms other than c and h. the most common of these are o, n, and the halogens. most reactions involve the interaction of electron rich area in one molecule with an electron poor site in another. c–c bonds and c–h bonds tend to be unreactive. bonds between c and a heteroatom are usually polar, creating an imbalance in electron density and providing a site for reactions to occur. 15-* figure 15.2 heteroatoms and different bonding arrangements lead to great chemical diversity. copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. permission required for reproduction or display. 15-* carbon skeletons each c atom can form a maximum of 4 bonds. groups joined by a …

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d as if it were bonded to three other atoms. * 15-* sample problem 15.1 (a) six carbons, no rings * 15-* sample problem 15.1 (b) four c atoms, one double bond, and no rings * 15-* sample problem 15.1 (c) compounds with four c atoms and one ring * 15-* alkanes hydrocarbons contain only c and h. alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds and are referred to as saturated hydrocarbons. the general formula for an alkane is cnh2n+2, where n is any positive integer. alkanes comprise a homologous series, a group of compounds in which each member differs from the next by a –ch2– group. 15-* table 15.1 numerical roots for carbon chains and branches roots number of c atoms meth- 1 eth- 2 prop- 3 but- 4 pent- 5 hex- 6 hept- 7 oct- 8 non- 9 dec- 10 * 15-* figure 15.5 ways of depicting …

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lly, a carbon atom is a chiral center if it is bonded to four different groups. 15-* if two compounds are mirror images of each other that cannot be superimposed, they are called optical isomers. figure 15.8 an analogy for optical isomers. * 15-* figure 15.9 two chiral molecules. optical isomers of 3-methylhexane optical isomers of alanine * 15-* optical activity optical isomers have identical physical properties, except that they rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions. a chiral compound is optically active; i.e., it rotates the plane of polarized light. a compound that rotates the plane of light clockwise is called dextrorotatory, while a compound that rotates the plane of light counterclockwise is called levorotatory. in their chemical properties, optical isomers differ only in a chiral (asymmetric) environment. 15-* figure 15.10 the rotation of plane-polarized light by an optically active substance. * 15-* an enzyme provides a …

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d to the double bond. geometric isomers have different physical properties. 15-* table 15.4 the geometric isomers of 2-butene 15-* figure 15.12 the initial chemical event in vision and the change in the shape of retinal. * 15-* alkynes an alkyne is a hydrocarbon that contains at least one cξc triple bond. alkynes have the general formula cnh2n-2 and they are also considred unsaturated carbons. alkynes are named in the same way as alkenes, using the suffix –yne. 15-* sample problem 15.2 naming alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes problem: give the systematic name for each of the following, indicate the chiral center in part (d), and draw two geometric isomers for part (e). plan: for (a) to (c), we find the longest continuous chain (root) and add the suffix –ane because there are only single bonds. then we name the branches, numbering the c chain from the end closest to the …

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the 1h-nmr spectrum of dimethoxymethane. nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy * 15-* tools of the laboratory figure b15.4 an mri scan showing a brain tumor. nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) spectroscopy * 15-* types of organic reactions an addition reaction occurs when an unsaturated reactant becomes a saturated product: the c=c, cξc, and c=o bonds commonly undergo addition reactions. in each case, it is the π bond that breaks, leaving the σ bond intact. 15-* dh°rxn = sdh°bonds broken + sdh°bonds formed = 2693 kj + (-2751 kj) = -58 kj reactants (bonds broken) 1 c=c = 614 kj 4 c–h = 1652 kj 1 h–cl = 427 kj total = 2693 kj products (bonds formed) 1 c–c = -347 kj 5 c–h = -2065 kj 1 c–cl = -339 kj total = -2751kj copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. permission required for reproduction or display. 15-* figure 15.14 a color …

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powerpoint presentation 15-* chapter 15 classification of organic compounds and the atomic properties of carbon * 15-* figure 15.1 the position of carbon in the periodic table. * 15-* diversity and reactivity of organic molecules many organic compounds contain heteroatoms, atoms other than c and h. the most common of these are o, n, and the halogens. most reactions involve the interaction of electron rich area in one molecule with an electron poor site in another. c–c bonds and c–h bonds tend to be unreactive. bonds between c and a heteroatom are usually polar, creating an imbalance in electron density and providing a site for reactions to occur. 15-* figure 15.2 heteroatoms and different bonding arrangements lead to great chemical …

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