the urinary system

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the urinary system the principal function of the urinary system is to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits. one aspect of this function is to rid the body of waste products that accumulate as a result of cellular metabolism. other aspects of its function include regulating the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining normal ph of the blood. in addition to maintaining fluid homeostasis in the body, the urinary system controls red blood cell production by secreting the hormone erythropoietin. the urinary system also plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure by secreting the enzyme renin. the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. the kidneys form the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. the ureters carry the urine away from kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary …

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tissue renal capsule closely envelopes each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside. in the adult, each kidney is approximately 3 cm thick, 6 cm wide, and 12 cm long. it is roughly bean-shaped with an indentation, called the hilum, on the medial side. the hilum leads to a large cavity, called the renal sinus, within the kidney. the ureter and renal vein leave the kidney, and the renal artery enters the kidney at the hilum. the outer, reddish region, next to the capsule, is the renal cortex. this surrounds a darker reddish-brown region called the renal medulla. the renal medulla consists of a series of renal pyramids, which appear striated because they contain straight tubular structures and blood vessels. the wide bases of the pyramids are adjacent to the cortex and the pointed ends, called renal papillae, are directed toward the center of the kidney. …

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nd an efferent arteriole leaves the renal corpuscle. urine passes from the nephrons into collecting ducts then into the minor calyces. the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which monitors blood pressure and secretes renin, is formed from modified cells in the afferent arteriole and the ascending limb of the nephron loop. ureter each ureter is a small tube, about 25 cm long, that carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. it descends from the renal pelvis, along the posterior abdominal wall, behind the parietal peritoneum, and enters the urinary bladder on the posterior inferior surface. the wall of the ureter consists of three layers. the outer layer, the fibrous coat, is a supporting layer of fibrous connective tissue. the middle layer, the muscular coat, consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle. the main function of this layer is peristalsis to propel the urine. the inner layer, the mucosa, …

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nd collectively these are called the detrusor muscle. contraction of this muscle expels urine from the bladder. on the superior surface, the outer layer of the bladder wall is parietal peritoneum. in all other regions, the outer layer is fibrous connective tissue. there is a triangular area, called the trigone, formed by three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder. two of the openings are from the ureters and form the base of the trigone. small flaps of mucosa cover these openings and act as valves that allow urine to enter the bladder but prevent it from backing up from the bladder into the ureters. the third opening, at the apex of the trigone, is the opening into the urethra. a band of the detrusor muscle encircles this opening to form the internal urethral sphincter. urethra the final passageway for the flow of urine is the urethra, a thin-walled …

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rs the penis, is called the membranous urethra. the third part, the spongy urethra, is the longest region. this portion of the urethra extends the entire length of the penis, and the external urethral orifice opens to the outside at the tip of the penis.

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О "the urinary system"

the urinary system the principal function of the urinary system is to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits. one aspect of this function is to rid the body of waste products that accumulate as a result of cellular metabolism. other aspects of its function include regulating the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining normal ph of the blood. in addition to maintaining fluid homeostasis in the body, the urinary system controls red blood cell production by secreting the hormone erythropoietin. the urinary system also plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure by secreting the enzyme renin. the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. the kidneys …

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