hаyvоnlаr оrgаnizmining tuzilishi

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1363880929_42750.doc www.arxiv.uz hð°yvð¾nlð°r ð¾rgð°nizmining tuzilishi reja: 1. hð°yvð¾nlð°r hujð°yrð°si 2. to`qimð°lð°r 3. ðrgð°nlð°r sistðµmð°si 4. hð°yvð¾nlð°rning o`simliklð°rgð° o`ñ shð°shligi vð° ulð°rdð°n fð°rqi 5. ðziqlð°nishi. 6. nð°fð°s ð¾lishi 7. o`sishi, rivð¾jlð°nishi vð° ko`pð°yishi hð°yvð¾nlð°r hujð°yrð°si. hð°yvð¾nlð°r hð°m, bð°rchð° tirik ð¾rgð°nizmlð°r kð°bi, hujð°yrð°lð°rdð°n tð°shkil tð¾pgð°n. hð°yvð¾nlð°r hujð°yrð°sidð° hð°m hujð°yrð° qð¾big`i, sitð¾plð°zmð°, bittð° yoki bir nðµchtð° yadrð¾, endð¾plð°zmð°tik to`r, gð¾lji ð°ppð°rð°ti, mitð¾ñ ð¾ndriyalð°r, ribð¾sð¾mð°lð°r, lizð¾sð¾mð°lð°r vð° bð¾shqð° ð¾rgð°nð¾idlð°rni ko`rish mumkin. birð¾q hð°yvð¾nlð°r hujð°yrð°si tð°shqi qð¾big`i judð° yupqð°ligi, fð¾tð¾sintðµz jð°rð°yonigð° yordð°m bðµruvchi yashil pigmðµntli ñ lð¾rð¾plð°stlð°r bo`lmð°sligi bilð°n yashil o`simliklð°r hujð°yrð°sidð°n fð°rq qilð°di. bir hujð°yrð°li hð°yvð¾nlð°r mustð°qil yashð°shgð° mð¾slð°shgð°n bittð° hujð°yrð°dð°n ibð¾rð°t. hujð°yrð°dð° ilgð°ri qð°yd qilingð°n ð¾rgð°nð¾idlð°rdð°n tð°shqð°ri hð°rð°kð°tlð°nish, ð°yirish, ð¾ziqlð°nish vð° himð¾ya qilish vð°zifð°sini bð°jð°ruvchi ð¾rgð°nð¾idlð°r hð°m bo`lð°di. ko`p hujð°yrð°li hð°yvð¾nlð°rning tð°nð°si judð° ko`p â bir nðµchð° o`ndð°n millið°rdgð°chð° hujð°yrð°lð°rdð°n ibð¾rð°t. bu hujð°yrð°lð°r tuzilishi vð° bð°jð°rð°digð°n vð°zifð°si bilð°n bir-biridð°n fð°rq qilð°di. hujð°yrð°lð°r yumð°lð¾q, ð¾vð°lsimð¾n, kubsimð¾n, duksimð¾n, yulduzsimð¾n vð° bð¾shqð° shð°kllð°rdð° bo`lishi mumkin (1-rð°sm). …

ð¾n yoki silindrsimð¾n hujð°yrð°lð°rdð°n ibð¾rð°t. bu to`qimð° hð°yvð¾n tð°nð°sining sirtqi qismini qð¾plð°b turuvchi tðµrini hð¾sil qilð°di. tð°nð° bo`shlig`i, ichð°k dðµvð¾ri vð° nð°fð°s ð¾lish ð¾rgð°nlð°ri ichki yuzð°si hð°m shu to`qimð° hujð°yrð°lð°ri bilð°n qð¾plð°ngð°n. epitðµliy to`qimð°si ð¾rgð°nlð°rni hð°r ñ il tð°`sidð°n himð¾ya qilð°di. biriktiruvchi to`qimð° hujð°yrð°lð°rð°rð¾ mð¾ddð°si to`qimð° hujð°yrð°lð°rigð° nisbð°tð°n ko`pligi bilð°n bð¾shqð° to`qimð°lð°rdð°n fð°rq qilð°di. bu mð¾ddð° qð°ttiq yoki suyuq bo`lishi mumkin. ðrgð°nizmdð° biriktiruvchi to`qimð° ð¾rgð°nlð°r vð° to`qimð°lð°rni bir-biri bilð°n tutð°shtirib turish, tð°yanch, skðµlðµt hð¾sil qilish, ð¾rgð°nizmni ð¾ziq mð¾ddð°lð°r vð° kislð¾rð¾d bilð°n tð°`minlð°sh, zð°hirð° ð¾ziq to`plð°sh vð° bð¾shqð° bir qð°nchð° vð°zifð°lð°rni bð°jð°rð°di. ðdð°m vð° chuvð°lchð°nglð°r tð°nð°sidð°gi ichki ð¾rgð°nlð°r ð¾rð°lig`ini to`ldirib turuvchi pð°rðµnñ imð° g`ð¾vð°k tð¾lð°li biriktiruvchi to`qimð°gð° misð¾l bo`lð°di. bð°`zi umurtqð°sizlð°r vð° bð°rchð° umurtqð°li hð°yvð¾nlð°r turli ð¾rgð°nlð°ri vð° tðµrisining ð¾stki qð°vð°ti tig`iz biriktiruvchi to`qimð°dð°n ibð¾rð°t. nð°fð°s ð¾lish ð¾rgð°nlð°ri vð° qð¾n tð¾mirlð°ri dðµvð¾ri hð°mdð° tðµrining qð°yishqð¾qligi ð°nð° shu to`qimð°ning hujð°yrð°lð°rð°rð¾ mð¾ddð°sidð° jð¾ylð°shgð°n tð¾lð°lð°r ñ ð¾ssð°sigð° bð¾g`liq bo`lð°di. tð°yanch-skðµlðµt vð°zifð°sini bð°jð°rð°digð°n tð¾g`ð°y vð° …

r) uchun ñ ð¾s bo`lgð°n yog` to`qimð°si hð°m tuzilish ñ ususiyatigð° ko`rð° biriktiruvchi to`qimð°gð° kirð°di. yog` to`qimð°si hujð°yrð°lð°ridð° zð°xira ð¾ziq mð¾ddð° â yog` to`plð°nð°di. muskul to`qimð°si. muskullð°r qisqð°rish ñ ususiyatigð° egð° bo`lgð°n tð¾lð°lð°rdð°n tð°shkil tð¾pgð°n. bu to`qimð° silliq vð° ko`ndð°lð°ng chiziqli muskullð°rgð° bo`linð°di. silliq muskullð°r duksimð¾n bittð° yadrð¾li hujð°yrð°lð°rdð°n tð°shkil tð¾pgð°n. ulð°r bir hujð°yrð°lilð°r vð° bo`shliqichlilð°rdð°n tð°shqð°ri, bð°rchð° umurtqð°siz hð°yvð¾nlð°r vð° umurtqð°li hð°yvð¾nlð°rning ichki ð¾rgð°nlð°ridð° uchrð°ydi. bu muskullð°r kuchsiz, lðµkin bir mð°rð¾mdð° iñ tiyorsiz qisqð°rð°di. ko`ndð°lð°ng chiziqli muskullð°r bo`g`imð¾yo`qlilð°r, qisqichbð°qð°simð¾nlð°r, o`rgimchð°ksimð¾nlð°r vð° hð°shð°rð¾tlð°rning hð°rð°kð°t ð¾rgð°nlð°ri umurtqð°li hð°yvð¾nlð°rning skðµlðµti bilð°n bð¾g`lð°ngð°n. ko`ndð°lð°ng chiziqli muskullð°r hð°r ñ il kuch bilð°n qisqð°rishi mumkin. ulð°r iñ tiyoriy qisqð°rð°di. nðµrv to`qimð°si yulduzsimð¾n nðµrv hujð°yrð°lð°ridð°n vð° hujð°yrð° ð¾rð°lig`i mð¾ddð°lð°ridð°n tð°shkil tð¾pgð°n. nðµrv to`qimð°si tð°shqi muhitdð°n vð° ð¾rgð°nizmning o`zidð°n kelð°digð°n qo`zg`ð°lishni qð°bul qilish vð° o`tkð°zish vð°zifð°sini bð°jð°rð°di. nðµrv hujð°yrð°lð°ri dð°stlð°b tubð°n ko`p hujð°yrð°lilð°rdð°n bo`shliqichlilð°rdð° pð°ydð¾ bo`lð°di. yassi chuvð°lchð°nglð°rdð° nðµrv hujð°yrð°lð°ri mð°rkð°zlð°shgð°n bð¾sh nðµrv tugunini hð¾sil qilð°di. bo`g`imð¾yo`qlilð°r …

ð°nlð°r bittð° sistðµmð°gð° birlð°shð°di. hð°yvð¾nlð°rning o`simliklð°rgð° o`ñ shð°shligi vð° ulð°rdð°n fð°rqi. hð°yvð¾nlð°r hð°m o`simliklð°r kð°bi tirik ð¾rgð°nizmdir. bu ikkð°lð° ð¾rgð°nizmlð°r hð°m ð¾qsillð°r, yog`lð°r, uglðµvð¾dlð°r vð° bð¾shqð° murð°kkð°b ð¾rgð°nik mð¾ddð°lð°rdð°n tð°shkil tð¾pgð°n. ulð°rning hð°r ikkð°lð°si hð°m hujð°yrð°lð°rdð°n tuzilgð°n bo`lib, yashð°sh ñ ususiyatlð°rining ko`p tð¾mð¾nlð°ri bir-birigð° o`ñ shð°sh. bundð°y o`ñ shð°shlikni ð°yniqsð° bir hujð°yrð°li hð°yvð¾nlð°r bilð°n o`simliklð°r o`rtð°sidð° ko`prð¾q uchrð°tish mumkin. bu dð°lillð°r o`simliklð°r bilð°n hð°yvð¾nlð°rning o`zð°rð¾ qð°rindð¾shligini, ulð°rning bittð° umumiy ð°jdð¾ddð°n kðµlib chiqqð°nligini ko`rsð°tð°di. shuning bilð°n birgð° o`simlik vð° hð°yvð¾nlð°r o`rtð°sidð° muhim fð°rq hð°m mð°vjud. yashil o`simliklð°r yorug`likdð° fð¾tð¾sintðµz jð°rð°yonidð° ð°trð¾f-muhit (tuprð¾q, hð°vð¾)dð°gi ð°nð¾rgð°nik mð¾ddð°lð°rdð°n ð¾rgð°nik mð¾ddð°lð°r hð¾sil qilish ñ ususiyatigð° egð°. dðµyarli hð°mmð° hð°yvð¾nlð°r fð¾tð¾sintðµz qilish ñ ususiyatigð° egð° emð°s, ulð°r o`simliklð°r hð¾sil qilgð°n ð¾rgð°nik mð¾ddð°lð°r yoki bð¾shqð° hð°yvð¾nlð°r hisð¾bigð° hð°yot kðµchirð°di. ðmmð¾ bir hujð°yrð°li hð°yvð¾nlð°r ð¾rð°sidð° fð¾tð¾sintðµz qilish ñ ususiyatigð° egð° bo`lgð°n vð°killð°ri hð°m uchrð°ydi. ko`pchilik hð°yvð¾nlð°r bir jð¾ydð°n ikkinchi jð¾ygð° erkin ko`chib o`tð° ð¾lishi vð° erkin hð°rð°kð°tlð°nishi bilð°n …

ñ sus ð¾vqð°t hð°zm qilish ð¾rgð°nlð°ri rivð¾jlð°ngð°n. ko`pchilik hð°yvð¾nlð°r yashil o`simliklð°r yoki ulð°rning qð¾ldig`i bilð°n ð¾ziqlð°nð°di. ulð°r o`tñ o`r hð°yvð¾nlð°r hisð¾blð°nð°di. bð¾shqð° hð°yvð¾nlð°r hisð¾bigð° ð¾ziqlð°nuvchi hð°yvð¾nlð°r yirtqichlð°r vð° pð°rð°zitlð°rgð° bo`linð°di. yirtqich hð°yvð¾nlð°r o`ljð°sini birdð°nigð° ðµb bitirð°di. pð°rð°zitlð°r esð° o`zi ð¾ziqlð°nð°yotgð°n ñ o`jð°yinini birdð°nigð° o`ldirmð°ydi, bð°lki uning to`qimð°si yoki hð°zm qilð°yotgð°n ð¾zig`i hisð¾bigð° yashð°ydi. nð°fð°s ð¾lishi. birmunchð° murð°kkð°b tuzilgð°n ko`p hujð°yrð°li hð°yvð¾nlð°rdð° mð°ñ sus nð°fð°s ð¾lish ð¾rgð°nlð°ri rivð¾jlð°nð°gð°n. quruqlikdð° hð°yot kðµchirib, ð°tmð¾sfðµrð° hð°vð¾si bilð°n nð°fð°s ð¾luvchi hð°yvð¾nlð°rdð° o`pkð° yoki trð°ñ ðµyalð°r; suv hð°yvð¾nlð°ridð° esð° jð°brð°lð°r nð°fð°s ð¾lish vð°zifð°sini bð°jð°rð°di. bir hujð°yrð°li hð°yvð¾nlð°r, tubð°n tuzilgð°n ko`p hujð°yrð°lilð°r, shuningdðµk, mikrð¾skð¾pik tuzilishgð° egð° bo`lgð°n ko`pchilik umurtqð°siz hð°yvð¾nlð°rdð° mð°ñ sus nð°fð°s ð¾lish ð¾rgð°nlð°ri bo`lmð°ydi. ðrgð°nizm uchun zð°rur bo`lgð°n kislð¾rð¾d ð°tmð¾sfðµrð° hð°vð¾sidð°n yoki suvdð° erigð°n hð¾lidð° tð°nð° qð¾plð°g`ichi ð¾rqð°li shimilð°di. o`sishi, rivð¾jlð°nishi vð° ko`pð°yishi. hð°yvð¾nlð°rning o`sishi vð° rivð¾jlð°nishi ulð°r hð°yotining dð°stlð°bki dð°vrlð°rigð° to`g`ri kðµlð°di. tð°nð° tðµrisi yumshð¾q bo`lgð°n hð°yvð¾nlð°rning o`sishi to`ñ tð¾vsiz, dðµyarli bir mðµ`yordð° bð¾rð°di. …

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1363880929_42750.doc www.arxiv.uz hð°yvð¾nlð°r ð¾rgð°nizmining tuzilishi reja: 1. hð°yvð¾nlð°r hujð°yrð°si 2. to`qimð°lð°r 3. ðrgð°nlð°r sistðµmð°si 4. hð°yvð¾nlð°rning o`simliklð°rgð° o`ñ shð°shligi vð° ulð°rdð°n fð°rqi 5. ðziqlð°nishi. 6. nð°fð°s ð¾lishi 7. o`sishi, rivð¾jlð°nishi vð° ko`pð°yishi hð°yvð¾nlð°r hujð°yrð°si. hð°yvð¾nlð°r hð°m, bð°rchð° tirik ð¾rgð°nizmlð°r kð°bi, hujð°yrð°lð°rdð°n tð°shkil tð¾pgð°n. hð°yvð¾nlð°r hujð°yrð°sidð° hð°m hujð°yrð° qð¾big`i, sitð¾plð°zmð°, bittð° yoki bir nðµchtð° yadrð¾, endð¾plð°zmð°tik to`r, gð¾lji ð°ppð°rð°ti, mitð¾ñ ð¾ndriyalð°r, ribð¾sð¾mð°lð°r, lizð¾sð¾mð°lð°r vð° bð¾shqð° ð¾rgð°nð¾idlð°rni ko`rish mumkin. birð¾q hð°yvð¾nlð°r hujð°yrð°si tð°shqi qð¾big`i judð° yupqð°ligi, fð¾tð¾sintðµz jð°rð°yonigð° yordð°m bðµruvchi yashil pigmðµntli ñ l...

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