etymological survey of the english word-stock

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1411364225_59199.doc etymological survey of the english word-stock 1. definition of terms native, borrowing, translation loan, semantic loan. 2. words of native origin and their characteristics. 3. foreign elements in modern english. scandinavian borrowings, classical elements-latin and greek, french borrowings, ukrainian-english lexical correlations. 4. assimilation of borrowings. types and degrees of assimilation. 5. etymological doublets, hybrids. 6. international words working definitions of principal concepts etymologically the vocabulary of the english language is far from being homogeneous. it consists of two layers - the native stock of words and the borrowed stock of words. numerically the borrowed stock of words is considerably larger than the native stock of words. in fact native words comprise only 30 % of the total number of words in the english vocabulary but the native words form the bulk of the most frequent words actually used in speech and writing. besides the native words have a wider …

of borrowing" and "origin of borrowing". the first term is applied to the language from which the word was immediately borrowed, the second - to the language to which the word may be ultimately traced e.g. table - source of borrowing - french, origin of borrowing - latin elephant - source of borrowing - french, origin-egypt convene - source of borrowing - french, origin-latin. the closer the two interacting languages are in structure the easier it is for words of one language to penetrate into the other. there are different ways of classifying the borrowed stock of words. first of all the borrowed stock of words may be classified according to the nature of the borrowing itself as borrowings proper, translation loans and semantic loans. translation loans are words or expressions formed from the elements existing in the english language according to the patterns of the source language (the moment …

enaissance or the revival of learning. some words came into english through french but some were taken directly from latin (major, minor, intelligent, permanent). 4. the latest stratum of latin words. the words of this period are mainly abstract and scientific words (nylon, molecular, vaccine, phenomenon, vacuum). norman-french borrowings may be subdivided into subgroups: 1. early loans - 12th - 15th century 2. later loans - beginning from the 16th century. the early french borrowings are simple short words, naturalised in accordance with the english language system (state, power, war, pen, river) later french borrowings can be identified by their peculiarities of form and pronunciation (regime, police, ballet, scene, bourgeois). the etymological structure of english vocabulary the native element i. indo-european element ii. germanic element iii. english proper element (brought by angles, saxons and jutes not earlier than 5th c. a.d.) the borrowed element i. celtic (5th - 6th c. …

he more completed is this adaptation. while such words as "table", "plate" borrowed from french in the 8th - 11th centuries can be considered fully assimilated, later parisian borrowings (15th c.) such as regime, valise, cafe" are still pronounced in a french manner. grammatical adaption is usually a less lasting process, because in order to function adequately in the recipient language a borrowing must completely change its paradigm. though there are some well-known exceptions as plural forms of the english renaissance borrowings - datum pl. data, criterion - pl. criteria and others. the process of semantic assimilation has many forms: narrowing of meanings (usually polysemantic words are borrowed in one of he meanings); specialisation or generalisation of meanings, acquiring new meanings in the recipient language, shifting a primary meaning to the position of a secondary meaning. completely assimilated borrowings are the words, which have undergone all types of assimilation. such …

, and for which there are corresponding english equivalents e.g. ciao italian - good-bye english, the borrowed stock of the english vocabulary contains not only words but a great number of suffixes and prefixes. when these first appeared in the english language they were parts of words and only later began a life of their own as word-building elements of the english language (-age, -ance, -ess, -merit) this brought about the creation of hybrid words like shortage, hindrance, lovable and many others in which a borrowed suffix is joined to a native root. a reverse process is also possible. in many cases one and the same word was borrowed twice either from the same language or from different languages. this accounts for the existence of the so called etymological doublets like canal - channel (latin -french), skirt - shirt (sc. - english), balsam - halm (greek - french). international words. …

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1411364225_59199.doc etymological survey of the english word-stock 1. definition of terms native, borrowing, translation loan, semantic loan. 2. words of native origin and their characteristics. 3. foreign elements in modern english. scandinavian borrowings, classical elements-latin and greek, french borrowings, ukrainian-english lexical correlations. 4. assimilation of borrowings. types and degrees of assimilation. 5. etymological doublets, hybrids. 6. international words working definitions of principal concepts etymologically the vocabulary of the english language is far from being homogeneous. it consists of two layers - the native stock of words and the borrowed stock of words. numerically the borrowed stock of words is considerably larger than the native stock of words. in fact nativ...

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