the place of english in morphological and genetic typology of languages

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lecture 1. the place of english in morphological and genetic typology of languages problems to be discussed 1. definitions to the term “grammar”. two types of grammar. 2. language families and groups 3. germanic group of languages 4. the typology of non-related languages 5. language and speech. key words: germanic, indo-european, typology, related, non-related. the term "grammar" goes back to a greek word that may be translated as the "art of writing". but later this word acquired a much wider sense and came to embrace the whole study of language. now it is often used as the synonym of linguistics. a question comes immediately to mind: what does this study involve? grammar may be practical and theoretical. the aim of practical grammar is the description of grammar rules that are necessary to understand and formulate sentences. the aim of theoretical grammar is to offer explanation for these rules. generally speaking, …

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of the english language problems to be discussed - what operation is called "morphemic analysis"? - morpheme-morph-allomorph - types of morphemes from the point of view of their: a) function b) number correlation between form and meaning there are many approaches to the questions mentioned above. according to zellig harris "the morphemic analysis is the operation by which the analyst isolates minimum meaningful elements in the utterances of a language, and decides which occurrences of such elements shall be regarded as occurrences of "the same" element". the general procedure of isolating the minimum meaningful elements is as follows: step 1. the utterances of a language are examined (obviously) not all of them, but a sampling which we hope will be statistically valid. recurrent partials with constant meaning (ran away in john ran away and bill ran away) are discovered; recurrent partials not composed of smaller ones (way) are alternants or …

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c material belongs to one morphs or another. by definition, a morph has the same phonemic shape in all its occurrences; and (at this stage) every morph has an overt phonemic shape, but a morph is not necessarily composed of a continuous uninterrupted stretch of phonemes. the line between two continuous morphs is a cut. step 3. omitting doubtful cases, morphs are classed on the basis of shape and canonical forms are tentatively determined. step 4. two or more morphs are grouped into a single morpheme if they fit the following grouping - requirements: they have the same meaning; they are in non-contrastive distribution; the range of resultant morpheme is not unique. step 5. it is very important to remember that if in this procedure one comes across to alternative possibilities, choice must be based upon the following order of priority: tactical simplicity morphophonemic simplicity conformity to canonical forms. thus …

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ique characteristic of being tactically irrelevant), must have no meaning and must be predicable in terms of non-empty morphs. a portmanteau morphs must have the meanings of two or more morphemes simultaneously, and must be in non-contrastive distribution with the combination of any alternant of one of the member morphemes and any alternant of the other (usually because no such combination occur). the difference in the phonemic shape of morphs as alternants of morphemes are organized and stated; this (in some cases already partly accomplished in step 1) constitutes morphophonemics. in particular, portmanteaus are compared with the other alternants of the morphemes involved, and if resemblances in phonemic shape and the number of cases warrant, morphs of other than overt phonemic content are recognized, some of the portmanteaus being thus eliminated. the types of morphemes morphemes can be classified from different view-points: functional number correlation between form and content from …

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those that are used either to connect words in sentences or to form new grammatical forms of words. the content of such morphemes are connected with the world of reality only indirectly therefore they are also called structural morphemes, e.g., shall, will, be, have, is, - (e)s, -(e)d and so on. as it is seen from the examples the grammatical morphemes have also two subtypes: grammatical - free and grammatical - bound. the grammatical - free ones are used in sentences independently (i shall go) while grammatical - bound ones are usually attached to some lexical - free morphemes to express new grammatical form, like: girl's bag, bigger room, asked. from the point of view of number correlation between form and content there may be overt, zero, empty and discontinuous morphemes. by overt morpheme the linguists understand morphemes that are represented by both form and content like: eye, bell, big …

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lecture 1. the place of english in morphological and genetic typology of languages problems to be discussed 1. definitions to the term “grammar”. two types of grammar. 2. language families and groups 3. germanic group of languages 4. the typology of non-related languages 5. language and speech. key words: germanic, indo-european, typology, related, non-related. the term "grammar" goes back to a greek word that may be translated as the "art of writing". but later this word acquired a much wider sense and came to embrace the whole study of language. now it is often used as the synonym of linguistics. a question comes immediately to mind: what does this study involve? grammar may be practical and theoretical. the aim of …

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