lecture 8. semantic classification of words

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lecture 8. semantic classification of words lecture 8. semantic classification of words plan of the lecture: 1.syntagmatic and paradigmatic approaches to classification 2.semantic fields and lexico-semantic groups 3.semantic equivalence and sources of synonymy 4. classification of synonyms 5. semantic contrast and antonymy 6.classification of antonyms 7. other classes of semantic groupings: euphemisms classification of the vocabulary can be based on a numerous criteria depending on the wish and the purpose of the investigator. every classification is based on the ability and techniques of categorization. categorization is the process in which ideas, objects or words are recognized, understood, differentiated and classified. lexical categorization implies that words (lexical units) are grouped into categories, usually for some specific purpose. ideally, a category illuminates a relationship between the subjects and objects of knowledge. categorization is fundamental in language, prediction, inference, decision making and in all kinds of environmental interaction. a semantic field is a …

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ss etc. a semantic feature is a notational method which can be used to express the existence or non-existence of semantic properties by using plus and minus signs. man is [+human], [+male], [+adult] woman is [+human], [-male], [+adult] boy is [+human], [+male], [-adult] girl is [+human], [-male], [-adult] intersecting semantic classes (synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, etc.) share the same features. based on the criteria we can group the vocabulary units into morphologically identical classes (adjectives with –ish, -ly, etc.), or lexicogrammatical classes (verbs denoting movement), thematic groups (words referring to family life and relationship), ideographic groupings (thesaurus roget), terminological classes (seme, sememe, synonymic dominant, etc.) before we get down to the actual topic of today’s lecture, i would like to revise with you in the interactive way the semantic classes we have discussed during our previous course in lexicology and lexicography. to do this, we quickly go through the basic …

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rd as a linguistic unit, i.e. recurrent in all the forms of this word and reflecting features and characteristics of objects and phenomena. polysemy is the linguistic phenomenon when a word has more than one meaning, resulting in semantic structure consisting of a number of lexicosemantic variants. lexico-semantic variant of the word is every meaning of a polysemantic word with reference to what it denotes in the extra-linguistic world (referential meaning) and with respect to the other meanings with which it is contrasted in the semantic structure (differential meaning). the lexical meaning is a complex phenomenon and may be analysed as including denotational and connotational components. the denotational meaning is the component of the lexical meaning which makes communication possible because the knowledge people have about things is ultimately embodied in words which have essentially the same meaning for all speakers of that language. the connotational meaning reflects the stylistic …

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ants (or sememes) . there are two kinds of association involved in semantic changes, namely: a) similarity of meanings, and b) contiguity of meanings. similarity of meanings or metaphor may be described as a semantic process of associating two referents, one of which in some way resembles the other, e.g. hand of a clock, warm voice, soft look. contiguity of meanings or metonymy may be described as the semantic process of associating two referents one of which makes part of the other or is closely connected with it, e.g. hand of a master (рабочий), the audience (spectators, students, etc.), to eat the late of a soup. similarity of meanings or metaphor may be described as a semantic process of associating two referents, one of which in some way resembles the other, e.g. hand of a clock, warm voice, soft look. contiguity of meanings or metonymy may be described as the …

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referents, e.g. ‘target” which originally meant ‘a small round shield’ (a diminutive of targe, сf. on. targa) but now means ‘anything that is fired at’ and also figuratively ‘any result aimed at’. another example is ‘tremendous’ - 1) vast; huge 2) informal very exciting or unusual 3) informal (intensifier) a tremendous help 4) archaic terrible or dreadful • etymology: from latin tremendus terrible, literally: that is to be trembled at , from tremere to quake. derived words: tremendously ; tremendousness generalisation of meaning is the process of change of meaning when the word with the extended meaning passes from the specialised vocabulary into common use, e.g. ‘camp’ originally was used only as a military term and meant ‘the place where troops are lodged in tents’ (cf. l. campus — ‘exercising ground for the army’) extended and generalised its meaning and now denotes ‘temporary quarters’ (of travellers, nomads, etc.). pejorative development …

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О "lecture 8. semantic classification of words"

lecture 8. semantic classification of words lecture 8. semantic classification of words plan of the lecture: 1.syntagmatic and paradigmatic approaches to classification 2.semantic fields and lexico-semantic groups 3.semantic equivalence and sources of synonymy 4. classification of synonyms 5. semantic contrast and antonymy 6.classification of antonyms 7. other classes of semantic groupings: euphemisms classification of the vocabulary can be based on a numerous criteria depending on the wish and the purpose of the investigator. every classification is based on the ability and techniques of categorization. categorization is the process in which ideas, objects or words are recognized, understood, differentiated and classified. lexical categorization implies that words (lexical units) are grou...

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