immunology introduction and overview

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powerpoint 演示文稿 2020/5/5 1 immunology introduction and overview brief history and prospect of immunology jun dou(窦骏) department of pathogenic biology and immunology school of medicine, southeast university april 24, 2020 2020/5/5 2 ◼ immunology is a relatively new science developing along with human combating against infectious diseases. ◼ the development of immunology has experienced 3 stages: ◼ empirical immunology: from 16-17th centuries to 19th century ◼ scientific immunology: from the middle of 19th century to the middle of 20th century ◼ modern immunology: from the middle of 20th century to now. 2020/5/5 3 jama 1999;281: 2127-37. variola virus “pockmark” smallpox pustule 2020/5/5 4 ◼ empirical immunology ◼ smallpox is a contagious and often deadly disease. in the early days of immunology, ◼ there was no knowledge that variola is caused by variola virus. ◼ but the ancient chinese people observed that those who survived smallpox became immune to it and …

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an experiments with cowpox and ◼ smallpox in 1796. jenner reasoned that introducing fluid from a cowpox pustule into people, that means inoculating them, might protect them from smallpox. ◼ he inoculated a boy named james phipps with material obtained from a cowpox lesion and later intentionally infected the child with smallpox. 2020/5/5 8edward jenner inoculating cowpox(1749-1823) as predicted, the boy did not develop smallpox. by 1798 jenner had published a booklet on the nature of cowpox and how if prevented variola. 2020/5/5 9 ◼ after an initial few years of resistance ◼ and neglect, jennerian vaccination became accepted. ◼ in this stage, immunology was noted with “empirical” because the knowledge was obtained from the experiences and lacked for systematically scientific experimental supports. 2020/5/5 10 edward jenner 1749-1823 2020/5/5 11 ◼ scientific immunology ◼ although jenner’s technique of inoculation with cowpox to protect against smallpox spread quickly throughout europe, it …

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6 50-300 times leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 2020/5/5 17 louis pasteur was the first to isolate microorganisms from ferments and then introduce the microbes to fresh material to transfer the fermentation process. he also demonstrated that this transfer could be stopped by heating (pasteurization). (61.1~62.8 ℃ 30min or 71.7 ℃ 15-30s) 2020/5/5 18 ◼ in 1881, pasteur first vaccinated sheep with ◼ heat- attenuated anthrax bacillus and then challenged the vaccinated sheep. ◼ all the vaccinated sheep survived and all the un- vaccinated sheep died. ◼ after that the most dramatic demonstration of a vaccine’s effectiveness was with rabies. ◼ pasteur “selected” for variants of the virus that were less pathogenic for the fox. 2020/5/5 19 ◼ the first human trial was on july 6, ◼ 1885. pasteur administered the attenuated virus into a young boy who had been bitten repeatedly by a rabid dog. ◼ the boy survived and pasteur became …

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◼ humoral immunity - ◆secreted products of b lymphocytes ◆antibodies or immunoglobulins (ig) ◼ cellular immunity - ◆t lymphocytes. t cell receptor ◆cytokines and cell-cell contact 2020/5/5 26 [iii]discovery of immune tolerance and artificially induced immune tolerance ◼ immunological tolerance is an important for several reasons. in 1945, owen made a crucial observation, suggesting that tolerance to self-ag occurred because the observing that adult dizygotic twin cows each contained a mixture of their own and their twin’s blood cells, indicating that they were equally tolerant of their own and each other’s blood cell ag. ◼ “chimera” 2020/5/5 27 exposure to antigen in embryonic or neonatal period leads to immune tolerance. in 1945, ray owen first reported that in the embryonic exposure allotypes of ag induced immune tolerance phenomenon. discovery of immune tolerance and artificially induced immune tolerance 2020/5/5 28 ◼ in 1953, medawar carried out the first ◼ lab experiments …

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d the clonal selection theory, in which he explained the remarkable specificity as well as diversity of recognition of everything foreign in the environment. ◼ he proposed that each lymphocyte was specific for only one ag and if a lymphocyte met this ag during early development it would be deleted from the repertoire. 2020/5/5 32 clonal selection theory 2020/5/5 33 ◼ the clonal selection theory has been further refined and is now accepted as the underlying paradigm of modern immunology. it helped immunology to became a new science independent of microbiology. ◼ according to the theory, individual lymphocyte expresses membrane receptors that are specific for a distinct antigen (ag). this unique receptor specificity is determined before the lymphocyte is exposed to the ag. 2020/5/5 34 ◼ binding of ag to its specific receptor activates ◼ the cell, causing it to proliferate into a clone of cells that have the same …

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powerpoint 演示文稿 2020/5/5 1 immunology introduction and overview brief history and prospect of immunology jun dou(窦骏) department of pathogenic biology and immunology school of medicine, southeast university april 24, 2020 2020/5/5 2 ◼ immunology is a relatively new science developing along with human combating against infectious diseases. ◼ the development of immunology has experienced 3 stages: ◼ empirical immunology: from 16-17th centuries to 19th century ◼ scientific immunology: from the middle of 19th century to the middle of 20th century ◼ modern immunology: from the middle of 20th century to now. 2020/5/5 3 jama 1999;281: 2127-37. variola virus “pockmark” smallpox pustule 2020/5/5 4 ◼ empirical immunology ◼ smallpox is a contagious and often deadly disease. in the early days of …

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