linguistic typology

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5 – maruza: division of the linguistic typology with respect to the object of investigation. (2 hours) plan: 1. genetic typology. 2. areal typology. 3. comparative typology. 4. structural typology: a) linguistic universals; b) etalon language; c) typological classification; d) typological theory. key words: genetic typology, areal typology, comparative typology, structural typology, etalon language, deep identity, surface identiy, cross-level approach, content approach, synchronic, diachronic, deductive, inductive, genealogical, typological, phonetic typology , phonological typology, morphological typology, syntactic typology, lexical typology , formal typology, semantic typology genetic typology deals with the languages which are genetically related both synchronically and diachronically. the purpose of genetic typology is to group languages into families according to their degree of diachronic relatedness. as an independent branch of linguistic typology it is characterized by the following features: ✓ difference to system closeness. it means that language under comparison should belong to the same structural type. ✓ difference …

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ison of genetically related languages within the definite period of time or in the cause of its development. for example, it can compare the development of morphological categories of the noun in english and in german starting with the ancient period up to nowadays. genetic synchronic typology deals with the comparison of genetically related languages within a certain synchronic period. genetic typology started in the 20 th century when historical comparative linguistics appeared and developed. we can mention such scholars as brothers grimm jacob, august schleicher, rasmus rask, franz bopp. they dealt with the reconstruction of languages and discovered laws and regularities for many indo-european languages. areal typology. this branch of linguistic typology deals with geographically limited number of languages. research on areal typology reflects the effects of structural convergence as it is induced by situations of contact between speakers of different languages with various genetic affiliations. in linguistics, areal …

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o on. comparative typology. this branch of linguistic typology is characterized by: ✓ indifference to system closeness ✓ indifference to the genetic closeness ✓ areal non-limitation of languages ✓ possibility of deep and surface identity ✓ indifference to etic-emic identity ✓ minimal etalon language ✓ cross- level approach to comparison ✓ content approach to comparison ✓ possibility of perfectness of typological operations comparative typology is one of the independent branches of linguistic typology. it deals with limited number of languages and al so defines typological similarities and distinctions in the structures of languages belonging to different genetic groups. structural typology is one of the basic branches of linguistic typology which deals with the systematization and summarizing some general linguistic facts and establishing language universals. it is the major branch of linguistic typology and aims to identify universal features of languages. structural typology consists of the following branches: 1. linguistic universals …

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language universals were produced in 1961 in the world congress of linguists by the group of american scholars such as john greenberg, lyle jenkins and charles osgood. the problem of universals is connected with the process of unification of language facts and with elaboration of specific methods of discovering linguistic universals. some scholars think that creation of full list of linguistic universals is the main task of linguistic typology. they may be of different types: synchronic and diachronic, absolute and statistic (полные, неполные ), deductive - inductive, simple and complex, universals of languages and of speech. they may be also attached to the levels of language hierarchy. universals can be represented in the traditional way with the help of words or with special symbols. for example: 1. if languages possess prepositions, they possess prefixes either. if they don't have prepositions, they lack prefixes. for example, the english and russian languages …

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e whole language with the highly developed structure, which is used for the purpose of comparison. for example, the latin language was used as etalon for compiling many european grammars. minimal etalon language can be expressed by: 1. a special abstract system made for comparison; 2. some artificial language made for comparison; 3. special linguistic methods; 4. grammatical, lexical and other linguistic categories; 5.typological categories; 6.concrete language; 7.semantic fields; 8. different features concerning the phonetic and grammatical pecularities. typological classification. there are two types of classification of languages in linguistics: genealogical, which studies etic units: concrete sounds, words, syntactic units and so on. according to this classification languages are grouped into the families, such as indo european, semitic, altaic and so on. typological classification is introduced by several linguists who treated languages not according to their genetic backgrounds, they are w. humboldt, e. sapir, f. fortunatov. according to the opinion …

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О "linguistic typology"

5 – maruza: division of the linguistic typology with respect to the object of investigation. (2 hours) plan: 1. genetic typology. 2. areal typology. 3. comparative typology. 4. structural typology: a) linguistic universals; b) etalon language; c) typological classification; d) typological theory. key words: genetic typology, areal typology, comparative typology, structural typology, etalon language, deep identity, surface identiy, cross-level approach, content approach, synchronic, diachronic, deductive, inductive, genealogical, typological, phonetic typology , phonological typology, morphological typology, syntactic typology, lexical typology , formal typology, semantic typology genetic typology deals with the languages which are genetically related both synchronically and diachronically....

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