types of lexical meaning: logical, emotive and nominal meanings

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lecture 2. types of lexical meaning: logical, emotive and nominal meanings plan: antonomasia simile periphrasis euphemisms hyperbole antonomasia is a lexical sd in which a proper name is used instead of a common noun or vice versa, i.e. a sd, in which the nominal meaning of a proper name is suppressed by its logical meaning or the logical meaning acquires the new-nominal-component. logical meaning, as you know, serves to denote concepts and thus to classify individual objects into groups (classes). nominal meaning has no classifying power for it applies to one single individual object with the aim not of classifying it as just another of a number of objects constituting a definite group, but, on the contrary, with the aim of singling it out of the group of similar objects, of individualizing one particular object. indeed, the word "mary" does not indicate whether the denoted object refers to the class …

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ady teazle or mr. surface immediately raise associations with certain human qualities due to the denotational meaning of the words "to tease" and "surface". the double role of the speaking names, both to name and to qualify, is sometimes preserved in translation. cf. the list of names from another of sheridan's plays, the rivals: miss languish – мисс томнэй; mr. backbite —m-p kлеветаун; mr. credulous — m-p доверч; mr. snake —m-p гад, etc. or from f. cooper: lord chatterino – лорд балаболо; john jaw - джон брех; island leap-high – остров высокопрыгия. antonomasia is created mainly by nouns, more seldom by attributive combinations (as in "dr. fresh air") or phrases (as in "mr. what's-his name"). common nouns used in the second type of antonomasia are in most cases abstract, though there are instances of concrete ones being used too. simile the intensification of some one feature of the concept in …

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completely alien to each other. and without our being rare of it, the simile gives rise to a new understanding of the object characterising as well as of the object characterized. the properties of an object may be viewed from different angles, lor sample, its state, actions, manners, etc. accordingly, similes may be based on adjective-attributes, adverb-modifiers, verb-predicates, etc. similes have formal elements in their structure: connective words such as like, as, such as, as if, seem. here are some examples of similes taken from various sources and illustrating the variety of structural designs of this stylistic device. "his mind was restless, but it worked perversely and thoughts jerked through his brain like the misfirings of a defective carburettor" (maugham) "it was that moment of the year when the countryside seems to faint from its own loveliness, from the intoxication of its scents and sounds." (j. galsworthy) a simile, often …

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word. depending on the mechanism of this substitution, periphrases are classified into figurative (metonymic and metaphoric), and logical. the first group is made, in fact, of phrase-metonymies and phrase-metaphors, as you may well, see from the following example: "the hospital was crowded with, the surgically interesting products of the fighting in africa" (i. sh.) where the extended metonymy stands for "the wounded". logical periphrases are phrases synonymic with the words which were substituted by periphrases: "mr. du pont was dressed in the conventional disguise with, which brooks brothers cover the shame of american millionaires." (m. st.) "the conventional disguise" stands here for "the suit" and "the shame of american millionaires" – for "the paunch (the belly)". because the direct nomination of the not too elegant feature of appearance was substituted by a roundabout description this periphrasis may be also considered euphemistic, as it offers a more polite qualification instead of …

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host, to go west. so euphemisms are synonyms which aim at producing a deliberately mild effect. the origin of the term 'euphemism' discloses the aim of the device very clearly, i.e. speaking well (from greek—eu = well + -pheme = speaking). in the vocabulary of any language, synonyms can be found that soften an otherwise coarse or unpleasant idea. euphemism is some times figuratively called "a whitewashing device". the linguistic peculiarity of euphemism lies in the fact that every euphemism must call up a definite synonym in the mind of the reader or listener. this synonym, or dominant in a group of synonyms, as it is often called, must follow the euphemism like a shadow, as 'to possess a vivid imagination', or 'to tell stories' in the proper context will call up the unpleasant verb to lie. the euphemistic synonyms given above are part of the language-as-a- system. they have …

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lecture 2. types of lexical meaning: logical, emotive and nominal meanings plan: antonomasia simile periphrasis euphemisms hyperbole antonomasia is a lexical sd in which a proper name is used instead of a common noun or vice versa, i.e. a sd, in which the nominal meaning of a proper name is suppressed by its logical meaning or the logical meaning acquires the new-nominal-component. logical meaning, as you know, serves to denote concepts and thus to classify individual objects into groups (classes). nominal meaning has no classifying power for it applies to one single individual object with the aim not of classifying it as just another of a number of objects constituting a definite group, but, on the contrary, with the aim …

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